ADSL and flavors in a nutshell

ADSL overview

Getting onto the internet the PSTN way

WWW

TOC

PSTN network
NB Access server + modem pool

modem

Modem to modem communication in POTS band through the PSTN network!

Frequencies within the voice band are transmitted through the switched connection of a PSTN network This voice band is used for voice or modem communication (e.g. fax, V.32, V.90, ...)
3

Getting onto the internet the DSL way

Service providers Access providers End users

TOC

PSTN ISP

POTS

POTS

Corporates ATM AS (BRAS) ADSL modem pool NT

LT
PS

voice
PS

LT

data

ADSL modem-modem communication ATM PVC connection End-to-end data connection

ADSL
upstream : up to 800 kbps downstream : up to 8,1 Mpbs unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
max 5,4 km
ANT

TOC

7300 ASAM

Residential
POTS,ISDN

ADSL : Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line

Spectrum
POTS
G.dmt Annex A

TOC

UP
30kHz 138kHz

DOWN
1,1MHz

POTS

UP

DOWN
548kHz

G.lite

30kHz

ISDN UP
138kHz

DOWN

G.dmt Annex B

1,1MHz

POTS splitter

TOC

S F P I L L & I T T E T R E R

UTP to LEX

The lower frequencies used by ADSL can disturb the audible spectrum and need to be filtered out towards the telephone set With on-hook / off-hook situations, the line impedance changes and this will impact the ADSL modem communication (re-sync)
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Crosstalk AoP & AoI

POTS

TOC

UP
30kHz 138kHz

DOWN

G.dmt Annex A

NEXT
UP DOWN

1,1MHz

ISDN

G.dmt Annex B

138kHz

1,1MHz

When AoP (ADSL over POTS) and AoI (ADSL over ISDN) reside in the same binder there is NEXT Some frequencies of the downstream transmitter of an AoP line overlap with the receiver frequencies of an AoI line.
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DMT and ADSL

TOC

The spectrum used for ADSL is divided into 255 carriers.

each carrier is situated at n x 4,3125 kHz

For the upstream direction, carriers 7 to 29 are used For the downstream direction, carriers 38 to 255 are used On each carrier the SNR is measured and the QAM determined.
minimum maximum

: :

QAM-4 2 bits/symbol QAM-16384 14 bits/symbol

Symbol period for each carrier : 250 s

Discrete Multi Tone example

QAM-4 f1

TOC

QAM-16 f2

QAM-4 f3

= DMT
Ts (Symbol Time)

1 DMT Symbol

10

DMT vs. Line characteristics

attenuation

TOC

Line characteristics ADSL filter characteristics

Frequency interference

frequency Bits / carrier

7 4 30

29 125

38 165

255 1100

carrier frequency (kHz)

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ADSL superframe
DMT Symbol

TOC

DS 1

DS 2

DS 3

DS 4

.....

DS 67

DS 68

SS 69

DMT symbol

SUPERFRAME 17 ms

a DMT symbol is the sum of all symbols on each individual carrier a data symbol is used to transmit payload information a synchronization symbol is transmitted after 68 data symbols to assure synchronization and to detect possible loss of frame

Data Symbol (DS)

Synchronization Symbol (SS)

ADSL symbol period

Ts=17ms/69 = 246,377 s Ts=17ms/68 = 250 s (symbol period for the data plane)

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Bitswapping explained
Bits/carrier
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

TOC

Current max. bits/carrier

Current used bits/carrier

Carriers

13

Bit swapping

TOC

After start-up we will use a lower QAM then possible on most of the carriers
the measured SNR at startup determines the maximum possible QAM at start-up Example : QAM-4096 corresponding with 12 bits per symbol used QAM on that carrier : QAM-1024 (10 bits per symbol). This results in extra bits that could be allocated on that carrier

During showtime (modem operation), the SNR is measured on all carriers at regular intervals (default 1 sec)
if the SNR on a certain carrier degrades resulting at a lower QAM that can be used on that carrier, the bits of that carrier will be reallocated to other carriers where the maximum QAM is higher than the actual used QAM. the modems will try to spread out the reallocated bits over numerous carriers.

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Reed-Solomon correction mode

Byte
1 2 3 4

TOC

Code RS(255,239) Distance : n-k+1 d= 255-239+1 d=17 k byte message vector n byte code vector Correction: (d-1)/2 c=(17-1)/2 c=8

239 240

n-k check bytes

254 255

With 16 check bytes, the RS code can correct up to 8 erroneous bytes per code vector
Error correction overhead = 16/255 = 6.3 %

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ADSL & Reed Solomon

DMT Symbol

TOC

DS 1

DS 2

DS 3

DS 4

.....

DS 67

DS 68

SS 69

SUPERFRAME 17 ms

Assume Trellis coding is NOT used ! 1 data symbol corresponds to a 255 RS word. Some bytes in the RS word are framing overhead used for modem to modem communication (EOC, AOC, IB, CRC) If RS is not used, our data still runs through the RS decoder. The maximum downstream ADSL speed for our data :
with RS (255-16-1)*8bits/byte*4000 symb/sec = 7,616 Mbps without RS (255-1)*8bits/byte*4000 symb/sec = 8,128 Mbps

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Trellis coding

TOC

Trellis coding is another error detection and correction mechanism which is optional for ADSL. Trellis principle
looking at the complete data, youre able to detect and correct errors, similar to detection and correction is spoken language. Example :

transmitted data the water is wet and cold received data the water is let and cold

by looking at the word let only, we can not decide that the sentence is wrong. by looking at the information before and after the word (context), we can safely say that it should be wet instead of let.

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Interleaving
Message vector Ctrl

TOC

Data to be transmitted
Bloc 1 Bloc 2 Bloc 3 Bloc 4

Bloc 0

Burst errors

6 lost bytes Bloc 0

1 Byte error per bloc!

Transmitted Data
Bloc 3
Ctrl Correction

Bloc 1

Bloc 2

Received Data
Ctrl Correction Ctrl

Correction

Ctrl Correction

Ctrl Correction

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ADSL flavors

ADSL2, ADSL2+, READSL2

ADSL the next steps

TOC

With ADSL, unable to provide consistent performance over longer distances. Several potential improvements defined in the last years in areas as:
Data rate versus loop reach performance Loop diagnostics Deployment from remote cabinets Spectrum control Power control Robustness against loop impairments and RFI, operations and maintenance.

So, after 3 years of field expierence with ADSL, the next steps are ADSL2, ADSL2+ and READSL

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Overview of the new standards

ITU-T
G.dmt = G.992.1 = current ADSL

TOC

G.dmt = G.992.1 = ADSL G.dmt.bis = G.992.3 = ADSL2

Main improvements: performance: raising the bar; loop diagnostics tools; improved initialization & fast start-up ; power management;

G.dmt.bis = G.992.3 = second generation ADSL2

G.adslplus = G.992.5 = ADSL2+

ADSL2+ is defined as delta to ADSL2 Downstream bandwidth increase (frequency spectrum up until 2.2 MHz) At least 16 Mbit/s should be supported (up to 24 Mbit/s)

G.adslplus = on G.992.3 = ADSL2+ READSL= G.992.3 annex L = Reach Extended DSL

READSL =Annex L G.992.3

Reach Extended ADSL2 Targets 192 kbit/s DS 96 kbit/s US on 6km 0.4mm loops

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ADSL2

G.992.3

ADSL2 improvements

TOC

ADSL2 will improve the ADSL rate and reach on long lines. ADSL2 is more robust in the presence of narrow band interference on long lines. This is done via improvements on:

Modulation efficiency Mandatory trellis coding Enabling enhanced signal processing algorithm Reducing framing overhead Enabling achieving higher RS coding gain. Initialization state machine

Existing ITU G.992.1 & 2 ADSL standards remain in force. New ADSL chipset should support ADSL2 and be backwards compatibility with G.992.1 & 2

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Differences in ADSL and ADSL2 datarates

TOC

Standard mandatory and upperlimit downstream datarates.

Recommendatio n ADSL (G.992.1) ADSL2 (G.992.3)
Mandatory downstream datarate

Standard architecture upper limit downstream datarate 8 Mbps (15Mbps for optional S=1/2) 15 Mbps

6.144 Mbps 8 Mbps

Standard mandatory and upperlimit upstream datarates.

Recommendatio n ADSL (G.992.1) ADSL2 (G.992.3) Mandatory upstream datarate 640 Kbps 800 Kbps Standard architecture upper limit upstream datarate 1.5 Mbps 1,5 Mbps

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Improvements

TOC

Better modulation efficiency by mandatory trelliscoding. Was optional for ADSL (G.992.1). The 1-bit QAM constellation provide higher data rates on long lines where the SNR is low. In ADSL (G.992.1) the overhead bits per frame consume min. 32Kbps of the payload data. By a low data rate of 128Kbps this is 25% overhead.

In ADSL2 the overhead bits can be programmed from 4 to 32Kbps. This provides an additional 28Kbps for payload data.

Improved performance by allowing data modulation on the pilot tone.

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Power Management (Power consumption)

TOC

Current ADSL operates always in full-power mode, even when no user data is transmited. ADSL2 brings in two power management modes, which reduce the overall power mode, while maintaining the ADSL always on functionality and reduce the overall power consumption.
L0 = full power mode, used during high data traffic. L2 low-power mode: is based on the internet traffic over the ADSL connection. For example when there is only background traffic to keep sessions alive. L3 low-power mode: is a sleep mode when the user is not on-line. When user returns on-line, ADSL transceiver use a FAST STARTUP (duration 3 sec), to reinitialise and enter into showtime.

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Power Management diagram

TOC

Normal operations

keep alive

Sleep

27

IMA Bonding for higher data rates

TOC

With bonding multiple phone lines together, data rates to homes and businesses can be significantly increased. ADSL2 uses as bonding mechansime, the IMA (inverse multiplexing for ATM) standard. Through IMA, ADSL2 chipset can bind two or more copper pairs in an ADSL link, which results in higher downstream data rates.
ADSL2
ATM IMA
ADSL 1

ATM

ADSL x

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ADSL2: Fast Start-up

TOC

Reduction of initialization time from 10 sec (ADSL) to 3 sec. Allow ATUs to quickly enter Showtime:
From a L3 power management state In case of error during Showtime

Data Rate fine tuning in Showtime.

Following a Fast Start-up, Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA) is used, to optimise the ATU settings. This because the fast startup makes estimations during the short training phase which will be most of the times not optimal.
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All Digital Mode ADSL (no underlying service)

TOC

All Digital Loop: extend the upstream bandwidth.

ADSL2 Annex I: Upstream tones 1-31 instead of 6-31 for ADSL over POTS e.g. 100 kbps extra upstream ADSL2 Annex J: Upstream tones 1-63 instead of 28-63 for ADSL over ISDN e.g. 750 kbps extra upstream

POTS/ ISDN

UP

DOWN

UP

DOWN

30

ADSL2+

G.992.5

ADSL2+ doubles the frequency spectrum

TOC

32

ADSL2+ characteristics

TOC

ADSL2+ : downstream frequencies up to 2.2 MHz (512 carriers) Increased downstream data rates on shorter lines (in Mbps):

distance 0.5 km 1.0 km 2.0 km 3.0 km 4.0 km

ADSL 8 7.4 6.2 5.5 3.0

ADSL2+

remote
ADSL2+

14.5 13 10 5.9 3.0

12.0 10.0 7.2 3.5 1.0

Improved spectral compatibility 1.0 5.0 km 1.0 between CO and remote cabinet 0

33

ADSL2+ doubles the max. data rate

TOC

34

Overview of downstream data rates (ADSL2+ added)

TOC

Recommendation Mandatory Standard architecture upper limit downstream datarate downstream datarate ADSL (G.992.1) ADSL2 (G.992.3) ADSL2+ (G.992.5) 6.144 Mbps 8 Mbps 16 Mbps 8 Mbps (15Mbps for optional S=1/2) 15 Mbps 24,5 Mbps

35

ADSL2+ used to improve spectral compatibility

TOC

36

Reach Extended ADSL2 (READSL2)

G.992.3 Annex L

Reach Extended ADSL2 concept

TOC

A new ITU project studies Long Reach DSL (LDSL)

Targets operation on long loops (e.g. up to 18 kft 26 AWG)

Introduction of Reach Extended ADSL2 (READSL2)

Not to much expected in long reach anyway (Shannons limit!!) New ADSL2 PSD mask with reduced crosstalk to existing services. Leads to a small reach increase on the longest loop of about 0,5 kft relative to ADSL2, if SHDSL is a dominating upstream killer. However, in self-crosstalk the length increases up to 2kft. Defined by ITU-T in Annex L of G.992.3 (2003)

For a DS data rate of 500 Kbps, READSL2 results in an increase of coverage area of about 18%.

Longer reach achieved by using a higher power level (PSD) but in a smaller band so that the total PSD remains the same as for ADSL2

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Reach Improvement by READSL2

Performance ADSL and READSL

TOC

2500

2000

bitrate (kbps)

1500

READSL DS ADSL DS

1000

ADSL US READSL US

500

0 14
=4,3km
39

15

16 Kfeet 26 AWG loop

17
=5,2km

18
=5,5km