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Diseases
ENVIRONMENT DISEASE
AGENT
Disease Transmission is Affected
By :
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The methodology for this study
consists of
Data generation
Data analysis
Evidence-based
intervention planning
The main tool used for data
generation is
DISEASE
SURVEILLANCE
SOURCES OF DATA
New Disease
Introduction of disease to the
community for the first time
Dse of lower animals affecting
man for the first time
Dse discovered for the first time
Old Disease
Introduction of new strain of the disease
Immigration of a large number of
susceptible individuals
Decrease resistance of population due
to catastrophe such as famine,
earthquakes, floods, etc
Increased virulence/ pathogenicity
Increased agent population
Termination of Epidemic
Exhaustion of susceptibles
Elimination of the agent
Closure of secondary transmission
Differentiate:
• Communicable vs non-
communicable disease
• Isolation vs quarantine
• Mechanical vs biological
reservoir
• Incubation period vs generation
period
Communicable disease: due to a
specific infectious agent or its toxic
products, arising through
transmission of that agent or its
products from reservoir to susceptible
host, either directly as from an
infected person or animal or indirectly
by the agency of an intermediate
plant or animal host, a vector, or the
inanimate environment; also includes
infestation
Incubation period: from the time the
agent enters the host to the time
the disease becomes manifest.
Generation period: period between
the receipt of infection by a host
and maximal communicability of the
host
Isolation vs quarantine
Mechanical vs biological vector
Describe the intrinsic properties of
disease agents
Discuss the different host-agent
interaction.
Discuss the different pathogenetic
mechanism
Discuss the different mechanism of
transmission.
The Ecologic Model of
Disease Causation
1. The lever or Balance
Host
agent
Environment
The Ecologic Model of
Disease Causation
1. The lever or Balance
Host
agent
Environment
Ecologic Model
Host
agent environment
Agent: any element, substance, or
force whether living or non-living, the
presence of which can initiate or
perpetuate a disease process
Types:
Living vs non-living
Physical , mechanical
Chemical, nutrients
Characteristics:
Inherent: physical features, biologic
requirements, chemical make-up,
viability, resistance
Those directly related to man: infectivity,
pathogenicity, virulence, antigenicity
Those related to the environment:
reservoirs and sources of infection and
mode of transmission
Those directly related to man