Third Generation Mobile Systems

Background to Third Generation 3G Drivers 3G Standards Understanding CDMA UMTS Air Interface UMTS Radio Access Network UMTS Mobiles Interworking and the 3G Core Network

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UMTS Air Interface

Implementation of W-CDMA Implementation of TD-CDMA Control channels Traffic channels

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IMT-2000 Spectrum ITU

1885 1980 2010 2025

IMT-2000

M S S

M S S

211 0

2155

2170 2200

M M IMTS S 2000 S S

Europe
1805 1880 1900 1920

License Excempt 211 0 2170 2200

GSM1800
1880

D E C T
1890

U T D D

M U FDD S Up S
3G_1

198 0

2010

2025

U T D D

U FDD Down
2100

M S S
2200

2000

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3G Architecture
PSTN
UE

MSC

HLR, etc Gateway GPRS Support Node

Serving GPRS Support Node

Uu
Node B

ATM

PSDN
RNC

Internet

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Role of the Air Interface

To provide a number of bearer or physical channels to support data transfer over the radio path. To provide control channels to manage the cell To provide a number of traffic channels at an acceptable error performance and at various rates To provide signalling channels for call set up, etc. In providing all of this to also ensure an efficient use of the available spectrum Minimise interference to other cells and services Minimise the use of power, particularly from the mobile provide synchronisation
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Overview
Access Method
Coverage Circuit Services Packet Services Capacity Key usage

GSM - GPRS
National Speech: 64 kbit/s symmetric 110 kbit/s symmetric Moderate Network-wide coverage

UTRA/FDD
Suburban, urban Speech, video,384 kbit/s symmetric 384 kbit/s symmetric High Capacity for circuitswitched services, citywide coverage for packet services, interregional roaming Macro, microcell

UTRA/TDD
Urban, indoor Speech, video384 kbit/s symmetric 2 Mbit/s asymmetric Very high Unpaired frequency band, capacity for packet services, indoor coverage and capacity for all services, private applications using UMTS CTS Microcell, Picocell, CTS

Cell types

Macro, microcell

Source: Alcatel

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W-CDMA Air Interface

Multiple Access Scheme Duplexing Method Chip Rate Bandwidth Carrier Spacing Frame Length Slots per Frame Inter-cell Synchronisation Spreading factor User Data Rate Direct Sequence CDMA FDD 3.84 Mcps 5 MHz 200 kHz Raster 10 ms 15 None Variable (4-512) 8->384 kbps

NB Other chip rates are listed but not defined

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Channels, Channels, Channels

Dedicated Common And then theres the uplink and downlink Traffic Channels

Control Channels

Logical/Transport Channels

Physical Channels
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Major Transport Channels for UMTS

Common Control Channels BCH Broadcast Channel FACH Forward Access Channel PCH Paging Channel RACH Random Access Channel Dedicated Channels DCH Dedicated Channel DSCH Downlink Shared Channel

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Carrying the Transport Channels

Logical Channels Physical Channels BCH FACH PCH RACH DCH DSCH
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Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
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The Common Control Channels

The Broadcast Channel (BCH) is a cell-wide channel that is used to broadcast system and cell-specific information. The BCH is always transmitted over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate. The Paging Channel (PCH) is a cell-wide channel that is used to carry control information to a UE when the system does not know the location cell of the UE The Forward Access Channel (FACH) is a downlink channel that is used to carry control information to a UE when the system knows the location cell of the UE. May also carry short user packets. The Random Access Channel (RACH) is an uplink control channel from the UE. May also carry short user packets..

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Physical Channels
In UMTS the basic physical resource is a physical channel identified by code and frequency For the downlink two codes are used, one to identify the cell and the other to identify a particular channel within that cell, in the up-link a long code is used to identify the channel In addition to separation by code, the uplink can use different streams transmitted on the I and Q branch Consequently, a physical channel corresponds to a specific carrier frequency, code(s), and, on the uplink, relative phase (0 or /2) Transport channels may also use time division multiplexing to identify them within a physical channel

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General Transport Channel Structure

0.625 ms, 20 2k bits

Data

One Radio Frame

Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot i

Slot 15

10 ms

Frame 1
This and some other slides based on a presentation by Fredrik Ovesj of Ericsson Radio Systems AB

Frame 2

Frame i

Frame 72

One Super Frame = 72*10 ms

SF=28-k
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Nothing Starts Until Synchronisation

2560 chips Slot #1 Slot #2
Data Pilot

Slot #15
Data Pilot

Primary CCPCH Primary SCH Secondary SCH

Data Pilot

Cp Cs

Cp Cs

Cp Cs
625 s

256 chips Cp: Primary Synchronisation Code Cs: One of 17 possible Secondary Synchronisation Codes

Cp is the same for all cells and is the pattern that is searched for on initial acquisition Cs will then tell the mobile which group of long codes the particular cell is using
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Cell Search and Synchronisation

In UMTS base stations are not tightly synchronised ( s-level) to a common reference, e.g. GPS Makes for easier deployment, e.g. in indoor environments All cells transmit different scrambling codes plus common synchronisation code UE searches for synchronisation code with matched filter Synchronises to new cell and acquires time slot clock UE decodes secondary synch code Identification of new cell Radio frame synchronisation Can now use cells scrambling code to decode BCH Contains superframe number, etc

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The Broadcast Channel

625 s

Syn
2 bits

Data 10 bits

Pilot 8 bits

Syn

Data 10 bits

Pilot 8 bits

32 kbps, SF=256

BCH is transmitted continuously at constant power from each cell Uses one of the 512 Primary Scrambling Codes Channelisation code is same for all BCHs

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The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

Now we have acquired the cell we can do things The cell communicates with UEs through PCH and FACH These are carried on the Secondary CCPCH TFCI Data
625 s 20*2k bits

Pilot

The SF is variable, set by BCH, table in notes provides the options Fixed power, selective direction possible for FACH TFCI, Transport Format Combination Indicator, is optional but must be supported by all UEs
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Physical Random Access Channel

Used when UE wishes to communicate with cell Power of transmitted PRACH is based on an estimate of downlink loss Mobile randomly selects one of 16 preamble signatures from those listed in BCH (1 ms) It then randomly selects a slot from 8 (slotted ALOHA)
10 ms Frame Boundary

UE listens for an acknowledge on AICH In no acknowledge then reselects parameters and increases power - tries again
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Sending the RACH

Once an acknowledgement has been received then the RACH message can be received Message is sent on PRACH as 10 ms message made up of 15 slots Data and control are sent simultaneously on I or Q Number of data bits sent per block depends on SF selected Small packets of user data can be attached to RACH

I Q

Data Pilot (8)

625 s 10*2k data bits

TFCI (2)
K=0,,3

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AICH, PICH, PSCCCH and PDSCH

The use of AICH has been explained The PICH is the Paging Indication Channel, used to inform the UE that it should listen to the PCH Both have a similar format and may be merged
20 symbols per slot

10 ms

There is a fixed timing relationship between PRACH and AICH Uplink and downlink slots are offset by 0.5 ms
Physical Shared Channel Control Channel (PSCCCH) and Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) are not included in Release 99

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Dedicated Physical Channel

Consists of two parts: DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel) Carries the user data DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel) Carries control information (pilot bits, power control and optional rate information)
Data and control code multiplexed to avoid DTX based EMC problems

Data and control time multiplexed DTX based EMC not a problem UE
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Multi-Service Time Multiplexing

Time multiplexing to one (or several) DPDCHs Relatively simple to implement EM interference results if DTX is used
Time Mux Outer coding/interl.

Parallel Services

Time Mux

Inner coding/interl. Time Mux

DPDCH

Service #1
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Service #2

Service #3

Multi-Code Time Multiplexing

Separate physical channels
Coding/ interleaving Coding/ interleaving DPDCH #1

Service #1

DPDCH #2

Parallel Services

Service #2

Coding/ interleaving

DPDCH #N

Service #N

Independent quality control of each service and no EM problems Increased UE complexity Increased envelope variations Multiple RAKE receivers
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Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel

Code Multiplexed
0.625 ms, 10 2k bits k=06 DPDCH

Data Pilot TFCI FBI TPC

DPCCH

Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot i

Slot 15

10 ms

Frame 1

Frame 2

Frame i

Frame 72

One super frame = 720 ms 20/06/11 3G_1

DCH Control Fields

Pilot A predetermined bit pattern utilised by the rake receiver to estimate channel conditions (5,6,7or 8 bits per slot) also used for coherent demodulation of the remaining data on the DCH TFCI - Transport Format Combination Indicator This is an optional field Used where different formats (multiplexing or spreading factor) are used on a frame by frame basis (0 or 2 bits per slot) TPC - Transmit Power Control 2 bits per slot indicating an increase or decrease power FBI - Feedback Indicator Used for diversity working (0,1,2 bits per slot)

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Uplink Spreading and Modulation

16*2K kbps cDPDCH DPDCH cDPCCH DPCCH Q I IQ Mux I+jQ Imag Pulse shaping (Root Raised Cosine) Additional DPDCHs may be added to either I or Q from a UE (multi-code transmission) cscram b Real 3.84 Mcps cos( t)

BPSK

sin( t)

cDPDCH , cDPCCH : cscram : b

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Channelisation codes (OVSF codes, 4-256 chips)

Complex signal spread by one of 225 complex Gold codes

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Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes

The channelisation codes are OVSF codes that ensure the separation between different physical channels They are arranged as a tree with the least spreading using the shortest codes (low bit rate) Using a low spreading code disables those below it
c4,1 = (1,1,1,1) c2,1 = (1,1) c4,2 = (1,1,-1,-1) c1,1 = (1) c4,3 = (1,-1,1,-1) c2,2 = (1,-1) c4,4 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

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Multicode Transmission (Uplink)

cDPDCH1

I+jQ Real

cos( t) cscram b

BPSK

DPDCH1
cDPDCH3

DPDCH3
cDPDCH5

Sum

I Q

sin( t) Imag Pulse shaping (Root Raised Cosine)

DPDCH5
cDPDCH2

DPDCH2
cDPDCH3

DPDCH4
cDPDCH4

Sum

*j

Power Control

DPCCH
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Uplink Variable Rate (No DTX)

10 ms 1-rate

1/2-rate 1/4-rate 0-rate

Variable rate R=1 R = 1/2 R=0 R=0 R = 1/2 : DPCCH (Pilot+TPC+RI) : DPDCH (Data) 20/06/11 3G_1

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

Time Multiplexed
DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH 0.625 ms, 20 2k bits k=0.6

TFCI

Data1

TPC

Data2

Pilot

Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot i

Slot 15

10 ms Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame i Frame 72

One super frame = 720 ms

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Downlink Spreading and Modulation

16*2K kbps cscram b DPDCH/DPCCH S-P cch Imag Real cos( t)

QPSK

sin( t)

Cch : Channelisation codes (OVSF code, 4-256 chips) cscram : Downlink scrambling code (Gold code, 40960 chips) b OVSF codes ensure down link orthogonality even with different rates and spreading factors for different users
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Multicode Transmission (Downlink)

cos( t) cscram b DPDCH1/DPCCH S-P cch1 Sum Imag Real

sin( t)

DPDCH2

S-P

cch2

Sum

*j

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Variable Rate Spreading

Channel Channel SF Bit Rate Symbol (kbps) Rate (ksps) 16 16 32 32 64 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 8 8 16 16 32 32 64 128 256 512 1024 512 512 256 256 128 128 64 32 16 8 4 Bits/Frame Bits/ Slot DPDCH Bits/Slot NData1 10 10 20 20 40 40 80 160 320 640 1280 2 0 2 0 6 4 4 20 48 112 240 NData2 2 2 8 8 24 24 56 120 240 496 1008 DPCCH Bits/Slot NTFCI NTPC NPilot 0 2 0 2 0 2 8* 8* 8* 8* 8* 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 8 8 8 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 16 16 16

DPDCH DPCCH TOT 64 32 160 128 480 448 960 2240 4608 9728 19968 96 128 160 192 160 192 320 320 512 512 512 160 160 320 320 640 640 1280 2560 5120 10240 20480

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Downlink Variable Rate (DTX based)

0.625 ms 1-rate 1/2-rate 1/4-rate 0-rate

: DPCCH-part (Pilot+TPC+RI) : DPDCH-part (Data)

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Downlink Variable Rate (DTX based)

10 ms 1-rate

1/2-rate

0-rate

Variable rate R=1 : DPCCH-part (Pilot+TPC+RI) : DPDCH-part (Data) 20/06/11 3G_1 R=0 R = 1/2 R=1

Power Control
Open and closed power control is used Uplink channel power control at 1600 Hz Node B measures SIR of pilot Compares with reference value (from open loop) Sets TPC bit UE increases or decreases transmit power Similarly for downlink channels Different power levels can apply to different parts of the timeslot DPCH
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TFCI

TPC Data1 Data2

0.625 ms

Pilot

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Power Control Timing

Time slot (625s)

DL DPCCH at BTS

PILOT

TF Data1 T P CI C

Data2

PILOT

T TF Data1 P CI

Propagation delay DL-UL timing offset (250s) Response To TPC (*3) Data2 125s( *2) Response to TPC PILOT
T TF Data1 P C CI

DL DPCCH at UE

PILOT

TF Data1 T P CI C

DL SIR measurement(*1)

SIR=Signal to Interference Ratio

PILOT

UL DPCCH at UE

PILOT Time slot (625s) Propagation delay

TFCI

TPC

UL SIR measurement (*4) TFCI TPC PILOT

UL DPCCH at BTS
*1,4 *2 *3

PILOT

The SIR measurement periods illustrated here are examples. Other ways of measurement are allowed to achieve accurate SIR estimation. Except the case of DL symbol rate=8ksps. If there is not enough time for BTS to respond to the TPC, the action can be delayed until the next slot.

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From: TS 25.211 V2.1.0 (1999-06)

Rake Receiver
Searcher
SIGNAL Weightings Finger1 Finger2 Finger3 Finger4 Reinforced SIGNAL Finds top energies and time offsets

Delay

Delay

Delay

Multipath Diversity
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UMTS uses 6-12 fingers Delay between fingers is variable Also removes Doppler shift
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Channel Coding
BER=10-3 Basic coding
Conv. code Rate 1/3-1/2 Interleaving

BER=10-6

RS code Rate 4/5

Outer Interleaving

Conv. code Rate 1/3-1/2

Inner Interleaving

Service-specific coding

Examples of service-specific coding: No coding Turbo coding Unequal error protection

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Convolutional Coder
1 bit in D D D D

2 bits out

Exclusive or

Rate r =

Length k = 5

In this example one bit enters and two bits leave (r = ) This coder would be initialised by four zeros Decoder is more complex determines the most likely series of bits to have produced the received string Turbo coders are made of two convolutional coders with feedback and interleaving
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Interleaving Spreads the Bits

Unfortunately if the error rate gets high then convolutional codes can actually make things worse Rayleigh fading results in errors occurring in bursts Interleaving is needed to randomise burst errors
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 8 12 16 3 7 11 15 2 6 10 14 1 5 9 13

1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 3 7 11 15 4 8 12 16

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Channel Coding

Transport Channel Type

BCH PCH FACH RACH DCH <= 32 kbps DCH > 32 kbps

Coding Scheme
Convolutional (K=9) Convolutional (K=9) Convolutional (K=9) Convolutional (K=9) Convolutional (K=9) Turbo R=1/2 R=1/2 R=1/2 R=1/2 R=1/3 R=1/3

Coding Rate

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Rate Matching
Match arbitrary rate after coding/multiplexing to limited set of channel (DPDCH) rates Uplink example:
10 ms frame Data (X bits) Coding Y bits Rate matching 160*2k bits 16*2k kbps DPDCH (SF = 256/2k)
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Rate Matching
Uplink Unequal repetition or puncturing for all rates Always continuous transmission No zero-padding needed Downlink Unequal repetition or puncturing for highest rate DTX for lower rates Possibility for low-complexity blind-rate detection

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Example: Uplink 8 kbps Speech Service

10 ms frame Data (80 bits) CRC (8 bits)

Tail (8 bits)

Convolutional coding, R = 1/3, K = 9 3 96 = 288 bits Unequal repetition, R = 9/10 10/9 288 = 320 bits 1 32 kbps DPDCH (SF = 128)

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Example: 32 kbps Data on DCH Uplink

10 ms
32 kbps data Add CRC

320 bits Data 320 bits 336 bits 1032 bits 1280 bits 1280 bits 80 bits 80 bits 80 bits 80 bits TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4
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16 bits CRC 8 bits Tail

Add tail bits Convolutional Coding Rate Matching

Interleave Map to DPDCH

80 bits SF=32 TS15

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Packet Access
Require fast access and efficient utilisation of radio resources Quick connection set-up Small overhead for small packets Closed loop power controlled large packets Scheduling Dual-mode scheme used Short infrequent packets on common channel Large or frequent packets on dedicated channel The mode of transmission adaptively selected based on estimated packet-traffic characteristics

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Common Channel Packet Access

Arbitrary time

Access request

User packet

Access request

User packet

Common Channel (RACH/FACH/ PDSCH)

No link maintenance when no packet to transmit Open-loop power control Limited to small packets and medium data rates

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Dedicated Channel Single Packet Transmission

Access request

Arbitrary time

Access request

Common Channel (RACH/FACH)

User packet User packet

Dedicated Channel (DPCH)

Each packet preceded by random access request Scheduled packet transmission Closed-loop power control during packet transmission
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Dedicated Channel Multi-Packet Transmission

Scheduled packets Non-scheduled packet

Access request

User packet

User packet

Access request

User packet

Dedicated Channel (DTCH) Link maintenance (pilot, TPC, TFCI)

Scheduled and non-scheduled packet access Closed-loop power control during packet transmission Link released after time-out period has expired

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UMTS Performance Enhancements

It has been found that the downlink is the major limit on system capacity Cell transmitter diversity provides up to 2.5 dB improvement Open and closed loop Space Time or Time Switched Transmit Diversity Impacts control channel design (pilot, etc) Advanced receiver structures Multi-user detection Interference cancellation Reverse link synchronous transmission (c.f. timing advance in GSM) Improved alignment improves orthogonality Adaptive antennas Opportunity Driven Multiple Access (TDD only)

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TD-CDMA Air Interface

Multiple Access Scheme Duplexing Method Chip Rate Bandwidth Carrier Spacing Frame Length Slots per Frame Codes per slot Inter-cell Synchronisation Spreading factor User Data Rate
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Time Division CDMA Time Division Duplexing 3.84 Mcps 5 Mhz 200 kHz Raster 10 ms 15 8 Synchronous 2, 4, 8, 16 8->2000 kbps

FDD and TDD Compared

TD-CDMA W-CDMA TX and RX are on the same Requires separate TX/RX bands band Node Bs are synchronous Node Bs are asynchronous No fast power control Requires fast power required control No soft handover Provides soft handover Full 2 Mbps working Good mobility Poorer mobility Up to 384 kbps Asymmetric working (80:1) Primarily symmetric Coding, rate matching, pulse shaping and interleaving basically the same
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FDD

TDD

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TD-CDMA
10 ms frame (part of 720 ms superframe)
7

8 codes
0 0

Uplink Downlink

15 timeslots
3G_1

14

User 1 User 2

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Bursts
625 s 2560 chips Burst 1 Data 976 Data 1104 Midamble 512 Midamble 256 Data 976 Data 1104 Guard 96 Guard 96

Burst 2

Burst type 1 can be used for UL or DL Burst type 2 can be used for DL but if used for UL then active users < 4
Midamble is used for acquisition
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Control Channels
Cell Acquisition Synchronisation channel (SCH) similar to FDD BCCH is mapped onto Common Control Channel (CCPCH) SCH and CCPCH transmitted in one or two DL slots Fixed position, pointer to RACH slots Cell Access RACH is transmitted on or two UL slots

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Performance Improvement
Suffers from multiple access interference, and interchip interference Needs strong power control for single rake RX Performance can be improved by employing multiuser detection too complex to implement uses joint detection of all codes in same slot for UL/DL Joint detection receiver is near-far resistant allows 30 dB imbalance between codes TD-CDMA can suffer from inter-operator interference also smaller reach than FDD where TX power is capped However, dynamic channel allocation allows it to avoid heavy intereferer in uncoordinated deployment

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Refresher
What bandwidth has been allocated to UMTS FDD working? Which is best FDD or TDD? Why is turbo coding used on high bit rate data channels? Why arent base stations synchronised in FDD working? What is the purpose of a pilot in a UMTS system? Why does UMTS need time slots and frames? Why does TDD use joint detection? Why is the channelisation code the same for all BCHs in FDD? What is the role of a searcher in the rake receiver? What channel(s) is used to transport data in UMTS?

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