Introduction To Power System

Introduction to Power Electronic
Power System Group of City University London Fang Yuan Xu
Description of Power Electronics

Power in electricity is the most popular way for utilization in the world. A lot effects achieved from other power resources can be obtained from electricity. But the opposite way may not be true.

When using the energy of electricity, the forms of electricity would be specified.

Generally, the characteristics of the electricity include:
Wave Form Voltage Power Frequency Degree of Harmonics and so on.
Different forms of electricity are specified in the different values of the above characteristics.

Power Electronics is a Technique for Electricity forms transformation. By the help of the semi-conductor devices, this technique revise electricity for users to achieve:
Higher efficiency. More compatibility to new service. Higher Security.
Description of Semi-conductor Devices in Power Electronics

Semi-conductor Devices is working as a gate. Usually the control of the gate status could achieve the control of output.
Thyristor. Gate Turn-off Thyristor (GTO) Giant Transistor (GTR) Power MOSFET Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

Thyristor: A semi-conductor developed firstly at 1958 plays a important role in power electronics gate control.
Turn-on: anode-cathode voltage is larger than forward voltage (near 0) and gate signal is applied. Turn-off: current forward lower than a certain value (near 0) and a negtive voltage appears across the anode and cathode for at least a period of time Tq (near 0).
Thyristor Equivalent Model from Matlab 2009b

GTO, GTR, IGBT Compare to Thyristor, the rest mentioned semi-conductors turn-off condition change. They only need to remove the gate signal to turn off the gate.
Chapter I Controlled Rectifier
1.1 Introduction to Rectifier

Rectifier is an power electronics device focusing on waveform revision.
AC Voltage
DC Voltage

When describing the rectifier, the following terms could be used:
Single-Phase / N-Phase. (N flow Direction) Half-Wave / Full-Wave. (Usage of Wave) Half-Controlled Bridge / Full-Controlled Bridge / Uncontrolled Bridge.

Example of Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rec with Series R and L.
C ontinuous powergui g PWM a m S cope
h ristor L
+ -

Trigger signal is usually produced by Pulse Width Modulation.

Current
Load V
Power Supply
Trigger Signal
1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

Continuous
Th1
a
Th2
a
D1
D2
PWM
o ad R

o e rgui
supply T o W orkspa ce
outi T o W orkspa ce 3 outv i T o W orkspa ce 2
S cope
trigge r T o W orkspa ce 1

Model Parameters: Supply voltage: 10V 50Hz Sinewave
Load: 2 resistor. (Pure Resistor) Trigger signal: 100Hz. Control Angel: 60 degree.

supply 10 0 -10 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 10 5 0 1 4 2 0 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 1.025 1.03 1.035 1.04 1.045 1.05 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 1.025 Load current 1.03 1.035 1.04 1.045 1.05 1 1.005 1.01 1.015 1.02 1.025 trigger 1.03 1.035 1.04 1.045 1.05
1.005
1.01
1.015
1.02
1.025 Load voltage
1.03
1.035
1.04
1.045
1.05

Output DC Average Voltage:
Due to pure resistor load, output DC Average Current:
What is the Effective Value (RMS) of the Output voltage?

Effective Value (Heat Equivalent)

Load: 2 resistor and 1e-3 inductor. (Resistor + Inductor) Trigger signal: 100Hz. Control Angel: 45 degree.

Continuous powe rgui To su p p ly o rksp a ce To o u ti i + To
h1
h2
DFW
D1
D2
To M
Freewheeling Diode DFW for pre enting o erheat caused By current fro inductor.
&
o ad R
trig g e r
o rksp a ce 1
# "
# "
o rksp a ce 3 o u tv o rksp a ce 2

S co p e

supply 10 0 -10 5.6 1 0.5 0 5.6 10 0 -10 5.6 5 5.605 5.61 5.615 5.62 5.625 l ad current 5.63 5.635 5.64 5.645 5.65 5.605 5.61 5.615 5.62 5.625 l ad v ltage 5.63 5.635 5.64 5.645 5.65 5.605 5.61 5.615 5.62 5.625 trigger 5.63 5.635 5.64 5.645 5.65
0 5.6
5.605
5.61
5.615
5.62
' ' '
5.625
5.63
5.635
5.64
5.645
5.65
Due to the current holding effect from inductor, when the output voltage touch 0, the current keep on until all the energy from inductor released.

Change Model Parameters to: Supply voltage: 10V 50Hz Sinewave

supply 10 0 -10 5.6 1 0.5 0 5.6 10 0 -10 5.6 3 2 1 5.6 5.605 5.61 5.615 5.62 5.625 trigger 5.63 5.635 5.64 5.645 5.65
5.605
5.61
5.615
5.62
5.625 load voltage
5.63
5.635
5.64
5.645
5.65
5.605
5.61
5.615
5.62
5.625 load current
5.63
5.635
5.64
5.645
5.65
5.605
5.61
5.615
5.62
5.625
5.63
5.635
5.64
5.645
5.65
The current become continue when increased the inductance is because the energy storage in inductor increase. The energy can not release totally before the next trigger signal arrive.

Keep increasing inductance to: Supply voltage: 10V 50Hz Sinewave

supply 10 0
1 0.5 0 5.6 10 0
4 2 0 5.6
5.605
5.61
5.615
5.62
5.625
10 5.6
5.605
5.61
5.615
5.62
5.625 load curren
5.605
5.61
5.615
5.62
5.625 load vol age
( (
10 5.6
5.605
5.61
5.615
5.62
5.625 rigger
5.63
5.635
5.64
5.645
5.65
5.63
5.635
5.64
5.645
5.65
5.63
5.635
5.64
5.645
5.65
5.63
5.635
5.64
5.645
5.65
The period of charging and releasing inductor energy is become much longer, so the current appears to be const.
Please calculate the average value of the load current and the load voltage.

Output voltage average value
Output current average value
C ontinuous
o e rgui
1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

i -
h1
h3
To
h1
Vld
h3
PWM
4 5
D 5 B9 9 8 7 8 7 39 A9 8 7 8 7 @9 9 8 7 8 7 32 2 2
10
ld
S cope vre c orkspa ce

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Ph1 is red; Ph2 is Blue; Ph3 is green

Model Parameters : Supply 3-phase voltage: 100V 50Hz Sinewave
Case Study 2: Circuit Diagram

Th1 Th1 Th2 Th2 Th3 Th3 to to to to to to Th5 Th4 Th4 Th6 Th6 Th5

load vol age 180 170 160 150 140 5 5.002 5.004 5.006 5.008 5.01 load cu e n 18 17 16 15 14 5 5.002 5.004 5.006 5.008 5.01 5.012 5.014 5.016 5.018 5.02 5.012 5.014 5.016 5.018 5.02
igge signal
0.5
5.002
5.004
5.006
5.008
5.01
Voltage higher than Vmax
E FF
F FE
5.012
5.014
5.016
5.018
5.02

Increase control Angel to 30 degree: Supply 3-phase voltage: 100V 50Hz Sinewave

lo d oltag 200 150 100 50
5.
5.
5.
5.
5. 1 load u
5. 1 2 nt
5. 1
5. 1
5. 1
5. 2
20 15 10 5
5.002
5.004
5.006
5.008
5.01 trigg r
5.012
5.014
5.016
5.018
5.02
0.5
5.002
5.004
5.006
5.008
5.01
5.012
5.014
5.016
5.018
5.02
PG
IG
HG
S RQ SUU T S G
PGG
IGG
HGG
GG

Increase control Angel to 60 degree: Supply 3-phase voltage: 100V 50Hz Sinewave

load voltage 200 150 100 50 0 5 5.002 5.004 5.006 5.008 5.01 load urrent 20 15 10 5 0 5 5.002 5.004 5.006 5.008 5.01 tr gger 1 5.012 5.014 5.016 5.018 5.02 5.012 5.014 5.016 5.018 5.02
0.5
5.002
5.004
5.006
5.008
5.01
Voltage touch 0
5.012
5.014
5.016
5.018
5.02

What happen when increase the control angel over 90 degree in this circuit? Repeat.


l 180 170 160 50
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
17 16.5 16 15.5 5 1 5.002 5.004 5.006 5.008
5.01 tri
5.012 r
5.014
5.016
5.018
5.02
0.5
0 5 5.002 5.004 5.006 5.008 5.01 5.012 5.014 5.016 5.018 5.02
Current changed. Lower harmonics in current
YX
bcX
acX
`c X
YcX
p i e h dg f e d
l
ht pssr q f ed cX p ii
bXX
aXX
`X X
YXX
X `c c

Please calculate the average load voltage and the effective value of the load voltage when:
Control angel is
degree.
Based on the curve.
Chapter 2 Inverter
2.1 Introduction to Inverter

Inverter is an power electronics device focusing on waveform revision and frequency addition.
DC Voltage AC Voltage
2.1 Introduction to Inverter

Classification of Inverter: Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). Current Source Inverter (CSI). Load commutated Inverter (LCI). Pulse width modulated inverters from a subclassification under VSI.
2.2 Single-Phase Bridge Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

PWM1 PWM2
Scope
g a g a m
Gto1
m k
D1
Gto3
m a k
D3
E
g a
g + -
Gto4
m k
D4
Mv
Gto2
m k
wv u
i -
D2

Simplified Model
y y
2
S itch
S itch2
2 2
Source
S itch
S itch

Working Status:
Switch 1 and 4 Open + Switch 2 and 3 Closed
Switch 1 and 4 Closed + Switch 2 and 3 Open

trigger1 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 5 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 5.005 5.01 5.015 5.02 5.025 trigger2 5.03 5.035 5.04 5.045 5.05
200 0 -200 5 100 0 -100 5 100 50 0 5.005 5.01 5.015 5.02 5.005 5.01 5.015 5.02
5.025 load u rrent
5.025 current of D 3
5.005
5.01
5.015
5.02
5.025
5.005
5.01
5.015
5.02
5.025 load oltage
5.03
5.035
5.04
5.045
5.05
5.03
5.035
5.04
5.045
5.05
5.03
5.035
5.04
5.045
5.05
5.03
5.035
5.04
5.045
5.05

Diode is for energy releasing of the load inductance. Trigger signals are from Pulse Width Modulation. In tutorial notes.
Question: Is there any other way to achieve a sine wave except sinusoidal PWM?
Chapter III DC-DC Converter
3.1 Introduction to DC-DC Converter

DC-DC Converter is an electricity transformation circuits focusing on the DC voltage. It accepts an DC voltage input and outputs another DC voltage values.
3.1 Introduction to DC-DC Converter

Basic DC-DC Converter:

Step-Down (Buck) converter. Step-Up (Boost) converter. Buck-Boost converter. Cuk converter. Zeta converter. SEPIC converter.
3.2 Step-Down (Buck) Converter

Simplified Model:
m 2
de l Switc
DC V

To some degree, we can say dc-dc converter is Chopper + filter.
S c pe M g D S i -
uo u
rgui
DC Source
Diode
S c pe 1
o et
-v
Firing condition

Steady State Working Mode:
Mode 1: Mosfet fired, inductor current increase, capacitor charging, diode turned off. Mode 2: Mosfet off, inductor current decrease, capacitor release charge, diode on.

In Steady State, the current and the output voltage will have steady ripple. So the increasing value and the decreasing value will be the same.

Based on Kirchhoff Laws Mode 1:
Mode 2:

Inductor C urrent 20 15 10
5.005
5.01
5.015
5.02
5.025
5.03
5.035
5.04
5.045
5.05
O utput V olta e 94.8 94.
94.6 94.5 94.4
5.005
5.01
5.015
5.02
5.025
D=47.5%
Uin = 200V L=0.03H
e
5.03 5.035 5.04 5.045 5.05
C=0.05F R = 10 f=100Hz

Critical Point of Continue and Discontinue:
Continue:
Critical Continue:
Discontinue:

Consider the previous equation:
Critical Point: All the 3 equations above:

The critical continue average current express that for different duty cycle, the average current will not be the same. The largest one appears at D=50%.

Usually the output is expected to be continue, so the average current of critical continue is used to find the bottom limit of device parameters. From the expression in previous page, the input voltage is usually a const. So when increase the frequency, the inductance do not need to be high.

For reviewing Parameters setting please refer to the tutorial case study 3.
3.3 Step-up (Boost) Converter

t n uous er u
osfet
- v S
lk j
DC
M D
p on
l gj
e
ml gj ml k j
v
g i h g

Steady State Working Mode:
Mode 1: Mosfet fired, inductor current increase, capacitor release charge, diode turned off. Mode 2: Mosfet off, inductor current decrease, capacitor charging, diode on.

Please calculate the relationship between input voltage Uin and output voltage Uout. (Similar to Buck Converter)

Mode 1:
Mode 2: Considering the above 2 equations:

Inductor C urr n t 80 60 40 20 0 5 5.001 5.002 5.003 5.004 5.005 O utput V olta e 200 195 190 185 5.006 5.007 5.008 5.009 5.01
5.001
5.002
5.003
5.004
5.005 tri
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 5 5.001 5.002 5.003 5.004
5.005
Uin=100V, L=0.001H, C=0.001F, R = 10, f=1000Hz, D=50%
5.006
5.007
5.008
5.009
5.01
u vv
5.006
5.007
5.008
5.009
5.01
3.4 Cuk Converter

w
Cont nuou
o er u
+ v -
D PWM Ui
g D
C LR
MV
M os
~
w { zy w
L3
C1
L2
cope
3.4 Cuk Converter

As the buck converter can achieve a lower output voltage while boost achieve a higher output voltage. If there is a way to combine them together, the converter output could be unlimited, for ideally idea. Cuk (Boost-Buck) and Buck-Boost Converter are both designed for this aim.
3.4 Cuk Converter

When analyse the working status of Cuk converter, capacitor C should be large capacitor. 1: Gate turn-on: L1 charging, C1 releasing, L2 charging, C2 charging. 2: Gate turn-off. (C is used as voltage source). L1 releasing, C1 charging, L2 releasing, C2 releasing.
3.4 Cuk Converter

For Cuk converter: Gate turn on: iL1 and iL2 are absolute value
(iL1 U i L1 !0 TON
Gate turn off:
(i L 2 U c U o L2 !0 TON
(i L1 U i U C L1 !0 TOFF
3.4 Cuk Converter

In case of large C1 and C2. Assume voltages on C1 and C2 are steady.
UC 1 ! UO D
Negative to Input voltage
3.4 Cuk Converter

L1 C urrent 45 40 35 5 5.001 5.002 5.003 5.004 5.005 L2 C urrent -15 -20 5.006 5.007 5.008 5.009 5.01
-25
5.001
5.002
5.003
5.004
5.005 O utput V oltage
5.006
5.007
5.008
5.009
5.01
-190
-195
-200
5.001
5.002
5.003
5.004
5.005 trigger
5.006
5.007
5.008
5.009
5.01
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 5 5.001 5.002 5.003 5.004 5.005 5.006 5.007 5.008 5.009 5.01
F=1000Hz, D = 67%, L1=L2=0.01, C1 = e-3, C2 = e-4, R = 10
3.5 Converter Discussion

What are the ways to reduce the harmonics of the output? Converter control please refer to the PWM control circuits design. (Tutorial case study 5).

Introduction To Power System

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Introduction to Power Electronic

Power System Group of City University London Fang Yuan Xu

Description of Power Electronics

Description of Power Electronics

Description of Power Electronics

Description of Power Electronics

Description of Semi-conductor Devices in Power Electronics

Description of Semi-conductor Devices in Power Electronics

Description of Semi-conductor Devices in Power Electronics

Thyristor Equivalent Model from Matlab 2009b

Description of Semi-conductor Devices in Power Electronics

Description of Semi-conductor Devices in Power Electronics

Chapter I Controlled Rectifier

1.1 Introduction to Rectifier

1.1 Introduction to Rectifier

1.1 Introduction to Rectifier

1.1 Introduction to Rectifier

1.1 Introduction to Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

outi T o W orkspa ce 3 outv i T o W orkspa ce 2

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.025 Load voltage

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

Due to pure resistor load, output DC Average Current:

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

What is the Effective Value (RMS) of the Output voltage?

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

' ' '

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

5.625 load voltage

5.625 load current

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

5.625 load curren

5.625 load vol age

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

1.2 Single-Phase HalfControlled Bridge Rectifier

Output current average value

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

Ph1 is red; Ph2 is Blue; Ph3 is green

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

Case Study 2: Circuit Diagram

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

Voltage higher than Vmax

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

1.3 3-Phase Full-Controlled Bridge Rectifier

17 16.5 16 15.5 5 1 5.002 5.004 5.006 5.008

Current changed. Lower harmonics in current