MEASUREMENT II Vernier callipers

 

Consists of a steel frame with a fixed jaw and sliding jaw. Steel frame carries the main scale which is in centimeters (cm) but has millimeter divisions.

Vernier callipers


Sliding jaw carries the vernier scale, which has ten equal divisions. Length of vernier scale is 0.9cm therefore each vernier scale division length is 0.09cm. Least count = main scale division-vernier scale divisiondivision 0.1cm0.1cm-0.09cm = 0.01cm

Vernier callipers

How to use vernier callipers

the object whose diameter is to be measured between the jaws of the callipers.  Close the jaws till they just grip the object.  Record main scale reading just behind zero mark of vernier scale.
 Place

How to use vernier callipers

 Read

the vernier scale mark coinciding exactly with any mark of the main scale and multiply it with least count. Eg 4x0.01 = 0.04cm  Add main scale reading and vernier scale reading to get the diameter of the object.  Diameter = Main scale reading + vernier scale reading

Examples
1. What is the reading of the vernier callipers below?

Main scale reading = 3.0mm Vernier scale reading = 7x0.1 = 0.07mm Reading = (3.0 +0.7) mm = 3.7mm

Example 2

Main scale reading = 3.0cm Vernier scale reading = 10x0.01 = 0.1cm Reading = 3.0+0.1 = 3.1cm

Zero error
 When

the vernier is closed the first mark (zero) on the main scale is aligned with the first mark on the vernier scale.  Care must be taken to insure that the vernier caliper is properly zeroed.  Sometimes both markings of the scale dont coincide. This creates an error called zero error

Zero error
Zero error may be either positive or negative. If the first mark on the vernier scale is to the right of the main scale, then the reading is too large and the error is positive and you have to subtract from the reading to get the right value.  If the first mark on the vernier scale is to the left of the main scale, then the reading is too large and the error is negative and you have to add to the reading to get the right value.


Micrometer screw gauge

Its used to measure small diameters were ordinary metre rule can not be used eg measuring diameter of a wire

Micrometer screw gauge

Consists of a U-shaped frame carrying the Uanvil at one end and a thimble at the other end. Thimble carries a circular rotating scale called thimble scale. It also has spindle scale. which can move forward and backward when thimble is rotated. Thimble scale has 50 equal divisions.  It also has sleeve called sleeve scale which has a linear scale in millimeters.


How to use micrometer screw gauge



Turn the thimble until the object is gripped gently between the anvil and spindle. Turn the ratchet knob until a "click" sound is heard. This is to prevent exerting too much pressure on the object measured. Take the reading of sleeve scale and thimble scale Reading = Sleeve scale reading + Thimble scale reading x least count

Example 1

  

Sleeve scale reading = 16.00mm Thimble scale reading = 35x0.01 = 0.35mm Final reading= 16.00mm + 0.35mm = 16.35mm

Example 2

  

Sleeve scale reading = 12.50mm Thimble scale reading = 16x0.01 = 0.16mm Final reading= 12.5mm + 0.16mm = 12.66mm

Zero error
It arises when zero mark of the thimble scale does not coincide exactly with the centre line of the sleeve scale when micrometer is closed.  If zero mark of the thimble scale is above the centre line of the sleeve scale the error is positive. It is subtracted to get correct reading.  If zero mark of the thimble scale is below the centre line of the sleeve scale the error is negative. It is added to get correct reading


Significant figures
 The

rules for identifying significant figures when writing or interpreting numbers are as follows:  All non-zero digits are considered nonsignificant. For example, 91 has two significant digits (9 and 1), while 123.45 has five significant digits (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).

Significant figures
appearing anywhere between two nonnon-zero digits are significant. Example: 101.12 has five significant digits: 1, 0, 1, 1 and 2. Zeros occurring at the left end of a number are not significant. For example, 0.00052 has two significant digits: 5 and 2.
Zeros

Significant figures
Zeros

occurring in a number after a decimal point are significant. For example, 12.2300 has six significant digits: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number 0.000122300 still has only six significant digits (the zeros before the 1 are not significant). In addition, 120.00 has five significant digits. . .

Significant figures
Zeros occurring at the right hand end of an integer may or may not be significant. For example, it may not always be clear if a number like 1300 is accurate to the nearest unit (and just happens coincidentally to be an exact multiple of a hundred) or if it is only shown to the nearest hundred due to rounding or uncertainty

Standard form
It is a way of writing numbers that accommodate values too large or small to be conveniently written in standard decimal notation. i.e A x 10n Where A is such that 1<A<10 and index n is an integer.
Ordinary decimal notation 300 4,000 5,720,000,000 0.0000000061 Standard form 3 3102 4 4103 5.72 5.72109 6.1 6.1109

The oil drop experiment

It is used to estimate the size of a molecule. Assumptions in this experiment are: Oil drop is a perfect sphere Oil drop spreads in water to form a perfect circular patch Oil spreads to form a thin layer one molecule thick.