RADIATION

HEAT TRANSFER
Radiation
Thermal radiation is the energy emitted by matter
as a result of its finite temperature. Any matter
with temperature above absolute zero (0 K) emits
electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic
radiation can be visualized as waves traveling at
the speed of light, thus, radiation is a surface
phenomenon.
Electromagnetic radiation is categorized into
types by their wavelengths.
Types of Radiation
The type of radiation emitted by a body depends on its
temperature. The hotter the object is, the shorter the
wavelength and the greater its amount.
1. The thermal energy of the hot source at T
1
is
converted into energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
2. These waves travel through intervening space
in straight lines and strike a cold object at T
2
.
3. The electromagnetic waves that stikes the
body are absorbed by the body and converted
back to thermal energy or heat.
Mechanism of Radiation
The amount of radiation emitted by a body
depends on its temperature, and is proportional to
T4. when this radiation strikes a surface, a portion
of it is reflected, and the rest enters the surface.
On the portion that enters, some are absorbed by
the material, and the remaining radiation is
transmitted through.
Blackbody emissive power (W/m
2
) depends on
temperature (T) of surface
Mechanism of Radiation
E T
b
=o
4
Mechanism of Radiation
The ratio of reflected energy to the incident
energy is called reflectivity, . Similarly,
transmitivity () and absorptivity () are defined
as the fraction of the incident energy that is
transmitted through or absorbed by the object.
Irradiation = the total amount of incident
radiation that strikes a surface
Radiosity = the sum of the radiation emitted by
a surface and the fraction of irradiation that is
reflected by the surface.
Mechanism of Radiation
e = emissive power
G = total irradiation
J = total radiosity
1 = + + t o
In general:
Opaque material:
1 = + o
o = absorptivity
= reflectivity
t = transmissivity
s = emissivity
o = s
Mechanism of Radiation
P
e
P
T
1
T
2
T
3
Energy
e
Ideal Emitter Schematic
T
3
> T
2
> T
1
A body that is assumed to absorb all radiant energy
and does not reflect any is called a black body.
Such a body also emits radiation. The ratio of the
emissive power of a surface to that of a black body
is called emissivity () and is equal to 1.0 for a
black body. According to Kirchhoffs law,
emissivity and absorptivity of a surface in
surroundings at its own temperature are the same
for both monochromatic and total radiation; thus
for a given surface at thermal radiation
=
Black Body
At thermal equilibrium
emissivity of surface = absorptivity
E
I
transmissivity of solid surfaces = 0
emissivity is the only significant parameter
emissivities vary from 0.1 (polished surfaces) to
0.95 (blackboard)
=
Black Body
The black body is an idealized surface having the
following properties:
Perfect absorber: it absorbs all incident radiation of
wavelength and direction
Perfect emitter: for a prescribed temperature and
wavelength, no surface can emit more than a black body.
Although the radiation emitted by a black body is a
function of wavelength and temperature, it is independent
of direction. That is, the black body is a diffuse emitter.
Black Body
INTENSITY FOR DIFFUSE
BLACKBODY RADIATION
Black Body
absorptivity = E =l
emissivity = s =l
ideal emissive power = e
b
4
T e
b
o =
1 = = I o
) o f {
) I f {
4
T e
gray
WI !
b gray
e e I !
Gray Body
absorptivity < 1
emissivity < 1
emissive power<1
Black Body
P
e
P
Gray
Body
Black
Body
Energy
Real
Body
black
gray
e
e
! I
I o !
) I f {
Schematic
All Real Surfaces are Grey
IRRADIATION, INCIDENT
RADIATION
The total energy emitted by a body, regardless
of the wavelengths, is given by:
Where:
= emissivity
A = surface area exposed
T = absolute temperature
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.67 x10
-8
W/m
2
.K
4
= 0.1714 x 10
-8
Btu/hr.ft
2
.
O
R
4
Emissive Power
)
4 4
1 1 1 S S
T T A q =oI
The total energy absorbed a body, regardless of
the wavelengths, is given by:
Where:
= absorptivity
A = surface area exposed
T = absolute temperature
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.67 x10
-8
W/m
2
.K
4
= 0.1714 x 10
-8
Btu/hr.ft
2
.
O
R
4
Emissive Power
)
4
1
a
S S
T A q o =
If two surfaces are arranged so that radiant energy
can be exchanged, a net flow of energy will occur
from the hotter surface to the colder surface. The
size, shape and orientation of the two radiating
surfaces or a system of surfaces are factors in
determining the heat transfer rate between them.
View Factor, F
12
= fraction of radiation leaving
the surface 1 in all directions which is intercepted
by surface 2.
Radiant Transfer between Surfaces
Surface and View Factor Resistance
Surface and View Factor Resistance
For two black planes radiating to each other, the
net radiation is expressed as
q
12
=
12
A
1
(T
1
4
-T
2
4
)
Where F
12
is the view factor of surface 1 to surface
2, also
q
21
=
21
A
2
(T
1
4
-T
2
4
)
For view factor cannot exceed unity. Such that
A
1
F
12
= A
2
F
21
and is independent of temperature
Radiant Transfer between Black Bodies
1

!
j
ij
F
1 ... ...
1 1 12 11
!
n j
F F F F
ji j ij i
F A F A !
Thermal Equilibrium
View Factor: F
ij
= fraction of radiation from
surface i intercepted by surface j.
1
2
Radiant Transfer between Black Bodies
In the case of infinite parallel planes, F
12
=F
21
=1.0,
the geometric factor is omitted.
q
12
= A
1
(T
1
4
-T
2
4
)
When surfaces are connected by nonconducting
but reradiating walls, the reradiating view factor
is
12
, is used instead of
12
and is treated
similarly.
Radiant Transfer between Black Bodies
For two gray planes radiating to each other, the net
radiation is expressed as
q
12
=
12
A
1
(T
1
4
-T
2
4
)
Where F
12
is the new view factor and defined as
Radiant Transfer between Gray Bodies

12
= 1
1 + A
1
1 1 + 1 -1
F
12
A
2

1
1 b
e
1
J
2
J
R
J
1 1
1
1
I
I
A

2 2
2
1
I
I
A

R
F A
1 1
1
12 1
1
F A
R
F A
2 2
1
No net heat flux wall
Analog
circuit
12
Q

1 12 12
A q Q =

Find:
2 b
e
X
1 2
R
R
Surface and View Factor Resistance
1 b
e
1
J
2
J
2 b
e
R
J
1 1
1
1
I
I
A

2 2
2
1
I
I
A

R
F A
1 1
1
12 1
1
F A
R
F A
2 2
1
R R
F A F A
2 2 1 1
1 1

1 b
e
1
J
2
J
2 b
e
1 1
1
1
I
I
A

2 2
2
1
I
I
A

12 1
1
F A
Surface and View Factor Resistance
1 b
e
1
J
2
J
2 b
e
1 1
1
1
I
I
A

2 2
2
1
I
I
A

R R
F A F A
2 2 1 1
1 1

12 1
1
F A
1 b
e
1
J
2
J
2 b
e
1 1
1
1
I
I
A

2 2
2
1
I
I
A

R R
F A F A
F A
2 2 1 1
12 1
1 1
1
1

R R
F A F A
F A F A
2 2 1 1
12 1 12 1
1 1
1

!
Surface and View Factor Resistance
1 b
e
1
J
2
J
2 b
e
1 1
1
1
I
I
A

2 2
2
1
I
I
A

12 1
1
F A
R R
F A F A
F A F A
2 2 1 1
12 1 12 1
1 1
1
+
+ =
2 2
2
12 1 1 1
1
1 1 1
I
I
I
I
A F A A

+ +

1 b
e
2 b
e
2 2
2
12 1 1 1
1
12 1
1 1 1
1
I
I
I
I
A F A A
A

! F
Surface and View Factor Resistance
1 b
e
2 b
e
12 1
1
F A
)
4
2
4
1 1 12
T T A Q = o
12
F

)
2 1 1 12 b b
e e A Q =
12
F

12 1
tan F A ce Conduc =
R R
F A F A
F A F A
2 2 1 1
12 1 12 1
1 1
1

!
2 2
2
12 1 1 1
1
12 1
1 1 1
1
I
I
I
I
A F A A
A

+ +

= F
Surface and View Factor Resistance
1
2
net
q
, 12
2 b
e
1 b
e
1
J
2
J
2 2
2
1
I
I
A

1 1
1
1
I
I
A

12 1
1
F A
2 1
A A !
)
2 2
2
12 1 1 1
1
2 1
1 12
1 1 1
I
I
I
I
A F A A
e e
A q
b b

+ +

=
)
1
1 1
2 1
2 1
12

!
I I
b b
e e
q
1
Surface and View Factor Resistance
1
21 12
= = F F
Radiation heat transfer between two infinite parallel plates
1
S
net S
q
, 1
bS
e
1 b
e
1
J
S
J
S S
S
A I
I 1
1 1
1
1
I
I
A

S
F A
1 1
1
1
1
=
S
F
0
1
}
S
A
A
)
S S
bS b
S
A F A A
e e
A q
I
I
I
I
2
2
1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
+ +

=
)
bS b S
e e q !
1 1 1
I
1
0
1 ! !
S S
I E
)
4 4
1 1 1 S S
T T q =oI
Surface and View Factor Resistance
Radiation heat transfer between small objects and infinite surrounding
The total incident radiant energy upon a body which
partially reflects, absorbs and transmits radiant energy is
2200 W/m
2
. of this amount, 450 W/m
2
is reflected and
900 W/m
2
is absorbed by the body. Find the transmitivity.
= 1 = 1 450/2200 900/2200 = 0.386
Determine the total emissive power of a blackbody at
1000
O
C
E
b
= T
4
= 5.67 x 10
-8
(1273.15K) = 149 kW/m
2
Two black body rectangles, 1.8 m by 3.6 m are parallel
and directly opposed and are 3.6 m apart. If surface 1 is at
T
1
= 95
O
C and surface 2 is at T
2
= 315
O
C, determine a)
the net rate of heat transfer b) the net energy loss rate
from the 95
O
C surface if the surrounding other than
surface 2 behave as black body at 295 K.