ME 201: Engineering Materials

Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science
You will learn about:
• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• choose the right material for a particular application
• realize new design opportunities

Chapter 1 - 1
 LECTURES
Instructor: Dr. Mehr Nigar

Grading Policy:
• Assignments 20-30%
• Mid-Term Exam* 30-40%
• End-Semester Exam 40-50%

*No Make-ups under any circumstances.

*Discuss potential conflicts beforehand.

Chapter 1 - 2
 COURSE MATERIALS
Required text:
• Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
W.D. Callister, Jr., 7th edition, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. (2007).

Reference Materials:
• Engineering Materials I, Ashby and Jones,
Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Engineering Materials II, Ashby and Jones
Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering,
William F. Smith, McGraw Hill

Chapter 1 - 3
 COURSE WEBSITES

Text Website: http://www.wiley.com/college/callister

• Additional Chapters (Chapters 19-23)
• Complete solutions to selected problems
• Links to other web resources
• Extended learning objectives
• Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 1 - 4
 LECTURE SCHEDULE
Week Topic Chapter
1,2 General Intro; Atomic Bonding 1,2
3-4 Crystalline Structure; Imperfections 3,4
4-5 Diffusion; Mechanical Properties 5,6
6-7 Strengthening Mechanisms; Failure 7,8
8 Phase Diagrams 9
9-10 Kinetics & Phase Transformations 10
Processing & Applications of Metals 11
11 Struc., Prop., Proc., Applic. of Ceramics 12,13
12-13 Struc., Prop. of Polymers; Composites 15,16
14-15 Corrosion; Elec. & Thermal Prop. 17,18,19*
16 Materials Selection; Econ. & Envir. Issues 22*,23*

Lectures: will highlight important portions of each chapter.

*These chapters available at website www.wiley.com/college/callister.
Chapter 1 - 5
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?

• Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?

Chapter 1 - 6
Chapter 1 - 7
• The Iron Pillar from Delhi
7.3 m tall, with one meter below the ground; the diameter
is 48 centimeters at the foot, tapering to 29 cm at the top,
just below the base of the wonderfully crafted capital; it
weighs approximately 6.5 tones, and was manufactured by
Chapter 1 - 8
forged welding
 Example – Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e. Chapter 1 - 9

 Example – Hip Implant

• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 10
Example – Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e. Chapter 1 - 11

 Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
– fixation agent to hold Ball
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent
Acetabular
(“glue”)
Cup and Liner
– must avoid any debris in cup

Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening
photograph, Chapter 22, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 12
 Types of Materials
• Metals: Metallic bonding  free electrons not attracted to any
one particular nucleus
– Strong, ductile
– high thermal & electrical conductivity
– opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic

& non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, capable of elastic deformation only
– non-conducting (insulators)

Chapter 1 - 13
Types of Materials

Chapter 1 - 14
Densities of Various Materials

Chapter 1 - 15
 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e.
i
a t %N (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,
5 2
3.3
Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
+ C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Cu Ni Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,
Resistivity, ρ

t%
4 16 a Ni
(10-8 Ohm-m)

McGraw-Hill Company, New York,

+ 2. a t% 1970.)
Cu . 1 2
3 u +1
e d C
efo rm % N i
d 2 a t
2 .1
u +1
C
1 r e” Cu
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 16
 THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
--Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. --It decreases when
Adapted from chapter- you add zinc!
opening photograph,
Chapter 19, Callister 7e.
(Courtesy of Lockheed 400

Thermal Conductivity
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)
300

(W/m-K)
200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.
Fig. 19.4W, Callister (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 µ m is on CD-ROM.) Chapter 1 - 17
 MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
--Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by --Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin,
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Chapter 1 - 18
 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 7e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

Chapter 1 - 19
 DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
--causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC

increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Chapter 17, Callister 7e. Boveri Co.)
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
4µ m
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
--material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.26,

Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.) Chapter 1 - 20
Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30 µ m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4µ m discussion, Callister 7e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 µ m
and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister 7e.
200 30 µ m

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Chapter 1 - 21
 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

Chapter 1 - 22
 Selection Criteria for Beverage
Container
• provide a barrier to the passage of carbon dioxide, which is under pressure
in the container;
• be nontoxic, unreactive with the beverage, and, preferably be recyclable;
• be relatively strong, and capable of surviving a drop from a height of
several feet when containing the beverage;
• be inexpensive and the cost to fabricate the final shape should be relatively
low;
• if optically transparent, retain its optical clarity;
• capable of being produced having different colors and/or able to be
adorned with decorative labels.

Chapter 1 - 23
The Materials Selection Process
Aluminum alloy is relatively strong (but easily
dented), is a very good barrier to the diffusion of
carbon dioxide, is easily recycled, beverages are
cooled rapidly, and labels may be painted onto its
surface, however they are opaque and expensive
to produce.

Glass is impervious to the passage of carbon

dioxide, is a relatively inexpensive material, may
be recycled, but it cracks and fractures easily,
and glass bottles are relatively heavy

Plastic is relatively strong, may be made

optically transparent ,is inexpensive and
lightweight, and is recyclable, it is not as
impervious to the passage of carbon dioxide as
aluminum and glass

Chapter 1 - 24
 SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

Chapter 1 - 25