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“Determinants of Relapse”
(Marlatt & Gordon, 1980)
Relapse prevention
Relapse prevention
Maintaining change in addicts
Ceased
80%
First 3 months
66%
(Hunt et al., 1971)
Negative emotional states
Interpersonal conflict
Social pressure
Seemingly
Offense Unimportant
Thinking Errors
Decisions (SUDS)
Grooming
or Force High Risk
Situations
Planning
Passive/Active Target Selection
Developed for
Offenders motivated to change
Social skills
Healthy sexuality
Intimacy training
Cognitive distortions
Cognitive skills
Relapse Prevention
Instilling Knowledge of RP
Satisfactory offense chains
Initial testing
39%
3 repetitions
100%
(Marques et al., 1989)
Test of Basic RP Concepts
Initial testing
34%
3rd testing
100%
Erroneous attributions
Seemingly
Offense Unimportant
Thinking Errors
Decisions (SUDS)
Grooming
or Force High Risk
Situations
Planning
Passive/Active Target Selection
Self Regulation Model of Relapse Prevention
Life Event
Sometimes
Desire for
Offensive Sex
Desire for
Offensive Sex
Avoidance Approach
Goals Goals
Avoidant Approach
Convicted 13 times
Type of Offense Pathway: Roger
Says he felt children enjoyed the experience
Approach Automatic
What Kind of Treatment?
Type of Offense Pathway: Dave
40 year-old
Confident and outgoing
Worked abroad in a program to help teen
prostitutes
Talked to pimps
They made a “powerful case”
Felt his values had “become contaminated”
Type of Offense Pathway: Dave
“Some of the younger girls I was trying to
help said that things about the life were
good. Intellectually I knew that that was
about comparisons with the life they had
before, extreme poverty and so on, but at
another level I got interested – although I
never did anything wrong to them.”
What Type of Offender: Dave
In past had baby-sat for 11-year-old
Went in bedroom aroused and watched
child sleep
Told wife
Agreed never to babysit again
Type of Offense Pathway: Dave
I talked to my wife about the babysitting
experience before we had the children.
That was good, but then I sort of laid the
responsibility for stopping it happening
again on her. I did that again after our
daughter told her what I’d been doing.”
Type of Offense Pathway: Dave
Family living in an open-plan home in hot
climate
Kids often undressed
Felt 10-year-old daughter was seductive
Knew his arousal was wrong
Tried to avoid situations where he might
abuse her
Type of Offense Pathway: Dave
Refused to share a tent with her on
camping trip
Other times he fondled her genitals
Once persuaded her to straddle him
Told himself knew what was happening
and agreed
Type of Offense Pathway: Dave
When wife gone, got into daughter’s bed
to have intercourse
Realized what he was doing and stopped
Shaken that he almost raped her
Type of Offense Pathway: Dave
“I thought that carrying on with my work
would help me get my head straight –
instead it was just making it worse.”
Type of Offense Pathway: Dave
“I kept away from my daughter – wouldn’t
take any interest in her. She wondered
what was wrong with me – my wife says
that made her more likely to want affection
from me. Then when she came to me I
misread what she wanted, because my
thinking was getting so messed up.”
Dave: What Kind of Offender?
Avoidant Active
What Kind of Treatment?
Type of Offense Pathway: Joe
40-year-old
6 cts against one boy, now 19
Over 8 years
Fondling, oral sex, anal intercourse
Working as handyman at boy’s house
Boy began to hang around him
Type of Offense Pathway: Joe
Urinated in bushes and boy saw it
Boy watching excited him
Asked boy to touch his penis
Boy compliant
Escalated to anal intercourse
Boy told him he didn’t want to do these things
Type of Offense Pathway: Joe
Told boy it was normal
Told him no one would believe him
Told boy, why had he done it if didn’t want
to
Told boy if reported, they would blame him
Told boy that he (the boy) was gay
“You’re just a little queer! Why don’t you
accept that?” a
Type of Offense Pathway: Joe
2 previous convictions
Type of Offense Pathway: Joe
Previous Treatment
Approach Explicit
What Kind of Treatment?
Type of Offense Pathway: Ben
25-year-old
Police called to residence – found father of
a 5-year-old holding Ben in custody
Ben was babysitting
Returned to find him in bed with son
Boy crying; told parents Ben had “touched
my thing and sucked on it.”
Type of Offense Pathway: Ben
3 arrests at ages 15, 22 and 23: all
victims boys under 10
Avoidant Passive
What Kind of Treatment?
Good Lives Model
RP Avoidant
Socially unacceptable
Personally frustrating
What Are Primary Goods
Life
Knowledge
Inner peace
Friendship
Community
Spirituality
Happiness
Creativity
Tender Minded Theory
People are good
Correlated with
Indices of well-being
(Negatively correlated with anxiety and
depression; positively correlated with self-
esteem)
Innate needs
Correlated with
Noncriminogenic needs
( Bonta and Andrews, 2003)
“I plain and simple needed to get some
good, hot, kinky sex but resented having
to rely on the generosity of women to hit
on their pussies. . . My days of
begging . . . Were over.”
(Athens, 1997, p. 10)
Applying the Good Lives Model
What goods are associated with offending?
Socially isolated
Lack skills for relationships
Overly aggressive when mood low
Identifying Overarching Primary
Goods
Mechanically Inclined
Living arrangements
Primary Goods
Relevant Environments
Predators
Sadists