4 Network Dimension Ing

.
Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Summary
• Technologies
• Radio Network Planning Process
• Radio Media & Model Tuning
• Network Dimensioning
• Transmission Planning
• Parameter Planning &
Optimisation
• Network Capacity Evolution
• Planning Tools
EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Network Dimensioning
EXPLAIN CHAPTER 4
• Dimensioning
• Coverage Planning
• Capacity Planning

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
EXPLAIN paragraph 4.1
• Dimensioning (3)
• Input data (4)

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Key Quantities
• Key quantities for radio network

dimensioning
• # of BS needed for coverage reasons
(→ par. 4.2)
• # of BS needed for capacity reasons
(→ par. 4.3)
• outage probabilities/percentages
• frequency re-use rate (vs.
interference)
• bandwidth used
• Design goals are inter-dependant
• network can only be optimised with
respect to one single aspect
Design goals to be applied must be
clearly agreed with customer!

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Limiting factors
capacity
# of BS
coverage
T0 time
• Before T0, the network is coverage limited

• After T0, the network is capacity limited
• The other constraint is automatically
fulfilled
At the very beginning, just the
coverage planning is needed

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Network Expansion
• When the network is coverage

limited, the expansion consists of:
• adding new sites in not already
covered areas
• When the network is capacity
limited, the expansion consists of:
• adding TRX’s;
• adding new sites in already covered
areas;
• adding software capacity...
→ cap. 7

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Input Data
Preliminary Questions
• Main purpose of the network?
• 1st operator in country ⇒ plain coverage?
• 2nd operator ⇒ competitive pricing?
• 3rd operator ⇒ replacing wire line phones?
• Roamer volumes expected?
Where?
• Neighbouring countries
existing international regulations?
• Use of microwave links for transmission?
Each network philosophy

calls for a different planning
approach

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Input Data
Morpho data
Maps
• main cities
• important roads
• location of
mountain ranges
• inhabited area
• shore lines
Local
knowledge
• city skylines
• typical
architecture
• structure of city
• local habits

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Input Data
Demographic Data
Statistical
yearbook
• largest towns, cities
• population distribution 2 mill.
pop.
• where are expected 250 000 pop.
customers?
Local knowledge
• population migration 400 000 pop.
routes
• commuting traffic
volumes 400 000 pop.
• subscriber
concentration points 300 000 pop.

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Input Data
Coverage Requirements
• Roll-out phases &
time schedules
• Coverage level
phase 1
requirements
NW launch
• Indoor coverage
areas
• MS classes to plan
for
• Operator´s cell
deployment
strategies
omni-cells in rural rollout
rollout
areas? phase 3
phase 2
3-sector cells in
urban areas?
minimum of 2 TRX
per cell?

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Coverage Planning
• Power budget (8)

• Cell size (12)

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Power Budget
Basics
• Power budget is used to calculate

the maximum allowed path loss
• Main factors depend on
equipment characteristics
• BTS & MS TX power
• BTS & MS RX sensitivity
• Other factors can be classified into
3 categories and have to be
estimated
• loss factors
• gain factors
• margins

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Power Budget
Loss Factors
• At BS side
• connectors
cables &
• cables connecto
• isolator rs
• combiner ~ 3 … 5 dB losses
• filter ⇒ 50 … 70% of
many meters
signal power is lost
• At MS side before even
• body loss reaching the TX
• polarisation of antenna
antenna
filte
r
combiner
BS output

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Power Budget
Gain Factors
• Antenna gain
• main antenna parameter
• slight difference between DL and UL
• the antenna models in use should be
defined at the very beginning of the
project
• Diversity gain
• diversity can be implemented in many
ways, with different gains
• Frequency hopping gain
• FH improves average link quality, but
it isn’t taken into account in power
budget calculations
• No gain factors at MS side

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Power Budget
Margins
calculations
For power budget
• Fast fading margin
Fast variations in field strength levels
that are caused by multipath reception
has to be taken into account in
calculating the maximum allowed path
loss
For cell size evaluations

• Slow fading margin
Slow fading that is caused by
shadowing has a direct effect on the
location probability; this has to be
taken into account in evaluating cell
size
• Penetration losses

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Power Budget
Down-Link
Antenna
Gain = 16dBi
36 dBm
52 dBm
path loss = 154 dB

Feeder
Loss = 4 dB
- 102 dBm
40 dBm
Rx Sensitivity
- 102 dBm
combiner
loss = 5
dB
WLL subscribers
Tx Power
45 dBm (20W)

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Power Budget
Up-Link
Antenna
Gain = 16 dBi
Diversity
- 101 dBm Gain = 4 dB
- 121 dBm
Feeder path loss = 154 dB

Loss = 4 dB
33 dBm
- 105 dBm
Tx Power
33 dBm (2W)
Rx Sensitivity
-105 dB
WLL subscribers

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Power Budget
Example
Power budget
GENERAL INFORMATION
Frequency (MHz): 1800 System: DCS1800
BT99 - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to MS Class:
Case description: 1
RECEIVING END: BS MS
RX RF- Input Sensitivity dBm -108.00 -100.00 A
Interference Degradation Margin dB 3.00 3.00 B
Body Proximity Loss dB 0.00 2.00 C
Cable Loss +Connectors dB 3.00 0.00 D
Rx Antenna Gain dBi 18.00 0.00 E
Diversity Gain
Isotropic Power dBm
1
dB 4.00
-124.00
0.00
-95.00 2 F
G=A+B+C+D-E-F
Field Strength dBµV/m 18.31 47.31 H=G+Z*
TRANSMITTING END: MS BS
TX RF Output Peak Power W 1.00 29.50
(mean power over RF cycle) dBm 30.00 44.70 K
Body Proximity Loss dB 2.00 0.00 L
Isolator +Combiner +Filter dB 0.00 2.20 M
RF-Peak Power, Combiner Output dBm 28.00 42.50 N=K-L-M
Cable Loss +Connectors dB 0.00 3.00 O
TX Antenna Gain dBi 0.00 18.00 P
Peak EIRP W
3 0.63 562.11
(EIRP =ERP +2dB) dBm 28.00 57.50
4
Q=N-O+P
* Z=77.2 +20*log(freq[MHz])
LINK-BALANCE EVALUATION UL DL
Theoretic Isotropic Path Loss dB 152.00 152.50 R=Q-G
Isotropic Path Loss to be considered dB 152.00 UL Limited Min (UL,DL)
Path Loss unbalancement dB 0.50 Abs (UL-DL)
TX RF Max Output Power to be used dBm 30.00 44.20

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Power Budget
Conclusions
• Power budget has to be balanced, even if

the BTS has higher TX power than the MS
• diversity gain is for UL only
• BTS RX sensitivity is better than for the MS
• The maximum allowed path loss is usually
UL limited
• There are as many power budgets as
different site configurations are defined,
even into the same project
• the site configurations in use should be defined
at the very beginning of the project

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Basics
• Based on the calculated maximum

allowed path loss, the cell size can
be evaluated
• This is done by using
• location probability values
• coverage thresholds
• basic propagation prediction formulas
• Okumura-Hata
• Walfish-Ikegami

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Process
EIRP - From power budget calculations
“Real” maximum
allowed path loss (Maximum allowed
path loss –
Slow fading margin – function (location probability)
Building penetration function (morphological area)

loss)
=
Coverage threshold Okumura-Hata
⇓
function (morphological area)
Cell radius
⇓
Cell area

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Location Probability
• Outages
• due to coverage gaps Pno_cov
• due to interferences Pif
• Total location probability in a cell
(1- Pno_cov ) * (1- Pif )
• Both time and location probability
• Typical required values are 90-
95%
Full coverage of an area can never

be guaranteed!

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Slow Fading Margin
• When calculating cell radius, LP is

50% by the cell edge and ~75%
over the cell area
• To get 90% LP, the cell radius has
to be reduced
1
0,9
0,8
0,7 σ σ
0,6
0,5
0,4
90% of
0,3
the area
0,2
0,1
0
-3
-2
-1
Slow fading margin 3

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Building Penetration Loss
• Penetration losses have to be

added as mean value, and
standard deviation need to be
taken into account as well
type mean sigma
urban building 15 dB 7 dB
suburban 10 dB 7 dB
in-car 8 dB 5 dB

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Coverage Thresholds

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Example
COMMON INFO DU U SU F O
MS antenna height (m): 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
BS antenna height (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 45,0 45,0
Standard Deviation (dB): 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0
BPL Average (dB): 15,0 12,0 10,0 6,0 6,0
Standard Deviation indoors (dB): 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0
OKUMURA-HATA (OH) DU U SU F O
Area Type Correction (dB) 0,0 -4,0 -6,0 -10,0 -15,0
WALFISH-IKEGAMI (WI) DU U SU F O
Roads width (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0
Road orientation angle (degrees): 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0 90,0
Building separation (m): 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0
Buildings average height (m): 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0
INDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F O
Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH
Slow Fading Margin + BPL (dB): 22,8 19,8 17,8 13,8 13,8
Coverage Threshold (dBµV/m): 59,1 56,1 54,1 50,1 50,1
Coverage Threshold (dBm): -77,2 -80,2 -82,2 -86,2 -86,2
Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0%
Cell Range (km): 1,33 2,10 2,72 5,70 7,99
OUTDOOR COVERAGE DU U SU F O
Propagation Model OH OH OH OH OH
Slow Fading Margin (dB): 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5
Coverage Threshold (dBµV/m): 40,8 40,8 40,8 40,8 40,8
Coverage Threshold (dBm): -95,5 -95,5 -95,5 -95,5 -95,5
Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0% 90,0%
Cell Range (km): 4,39 5,70 6,50 10,69 14,99

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Cell Area
• After cell radius has been

determined, cell area can be
calculated
• When calculating cell area,
traditional hexagonal model is
taken into account
R
R
Omni Bi-sector Tri-sector

A = 2,6 R21 A= 1,73 R22 A = 1,95 R23

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Cell Area Terms
• Dominance
area
• Service area
• Coverage area
cell coverage range
cell service range
dominance range
6dB hysteresis
margin
coverage limit

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Hexagons vs. Cells
• Three hexagons • Three cells

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Enhancement
• Improving link budget

• sensitivity
• power
• antennas
• Reducing the effect of geography
• BTS antenna heights
• good network plan
• Technical solutions for improving
link budget
• combiner by-pass
• mast head preamplifier
• booster

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Size
Conclusion
• Achievable cell size depends on

• frequency band used (450, 900, 1800
MHz)
• surroundings, environment
• link budget figures
• antenna types
• antenna positioning
• minimum required signal levels

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Capacity Planning
• Traffic (2)
• Trunking (3)
• Erlang (3)
• Cell Capacity (4)

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Traffic
Traffic Estimations
• Estimate number of subscribers over

time
• long-term predictions
• numbers available from marketing people?
• Expected traffic load per subscriber
• different subscriber segments?
• expected behaviour of user segments
• Particular phone habits of subscribers
• e.g. mainly heavy indoor usage
• phoning while in traffic jams?
• Busy hour conditions
• time of day
• traffic patterns

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Traffic
Traffic Patterns
• Traffic is not evenly spread across the

day
(or week)
• Dimensioning must be able to cope
with peak loads
• “busy hour” is typically twice the
“average hour” load
100%
90 peak time
80 off-peak
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24hr

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Trunking
Basics
• Problem: many customers, limited

number of resources
• How many resources do we need
to satisfy the demand?
m available resources
M >> m
M potential customers

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Trunking
Trunking Effect
• Trunking increases effective usage

of limited resources
• when we increase the traffic, we may
not need that many new lines
• Main parameter: accepted
blocking probability
• Blocking depends on
• number of available resources
• traffic statistical distribution

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Trunking
Trunking Effect
Offered new
traffic time
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH ...
CH n-2
CH n-1
CH n

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Erlang
Definition
• Erlang is the unit of traffic

• definition
(calls per hour )×(averageconversationtime)
xErlangs =
3600 Seconds
• 2 formulas
• Erlang B: for systems that
support no queuing
• Erlang C: for systems that
support queuing
Agner Krarup Erlang (1878-1929)

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Erlang
Erlang Formulas
• Erlang B • Erlang C
• no queuing: • queuing
blocked calls are • applicable in
dropped trunking
• depends on systems
call lengths &
statistical
distribution of
calls
• applicable in
mobile systems k
(e.g. air λ
interface) 
pk  =  M
 /k!
μ
Pr ob(delay > 0)=
AC
 A C −1 A
k
[  ]
i
A +C!1− ∑
∑ μλ /i! 
C
 C  k = 0 k!
i=0

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Erlang
Erlang B Table
B lo c k in g P ro b a b ility B lo c kin g P ro b a b ilit y
C h a n n e ls 1% 2% 3% 5% C h a n n e ls 1% 2% 3% 5%
1 0 ,0 1 0 ,0 2 0 ,0 3 0 ,0 5 21 1 2 ,8 0 1 4 ,0 0 1 4 ,9 0 1 6 ,2 0
2 0 ,1 5 0 ,2 2 0 ,2 8 0 ,3 8 22 1 3 ,7 0 1 4 ,9 0 1 5 ,8 0 1 7 ,1 0
3 0 ,4 6 0 ,6 0 0 ,7 2 0 ,9 0 23 1 4 ,5 0 1 5 ,8 0 1 6 ,7 0 1 8 ,1 0
4 0 ,8 7 1 ,0 9 1 ,2 6 1 ,5 2 24 1 5 ,3 0 1 6 ,6 0 1 7 ,6 0 1 9 ,0 0
5 1 ,3 6 1 ,6 6 1 ,8 8 2 ,2 2 25 1 6 ,1 0 1 7 ,5 0 1 8 ,5 0 2 0 ,0 0
6 1 ,9 1 2 ,2 8 2 ,5 4 2 ,9 6 26 1 7 ,0 0 1 8 ,4 0 1 9 ,4 0 2 0 ,9 0
7 2 ,5 0 2 ,9 5 3 ,2 5 3 ,7 5 27 1 7 ,8 0 1 9 ,3 0 2 0 ,3 0 2 1 ,9 0
8 3 ,1 3 3 ,6 3 3 ,9 9 4 ,5 4 28 1 8 ,6 0 2 0 ,2 0 2 1 ,2 0 2 2 ,9 0
9 3 ,7 8 4 ,3 4 4 ,7 5 5 ,3 7 29 1 9 ,5 0 2 1 ,0 0 2 2 ,1 0 2 3 ,8 0
10 4 ,4 6 5 ,0 8 5 ,5 3 6 ,2 2 30 2 0 ,3 0 2 1 ,9 0 2 3 ,1 0 2 4 ,8 0
11 5 ,1 6 5 ,8 4 6 ,3 3 7 ,0 8 31 2 1 ,2 0 2 2 ,8 0 2 4 ,0 0 2 5 ,8 0
12 5 ,8 8 6 ,6 1 7 ,1 4 7 ,9 5 32 2 2 ,0 0 2 3 ,7 0 2 4 ,9 0 2 6 ,7 0
13 6 ,6 1 7 ,4 0 7 ,9 7 8 ,8 3 33 2 2 ,9 0 2 4 ,6 0 2 5 ,8 0 2 7 ,7 0
14 7 ,3 5 8 ,2 0 8 ,8 0 9 ,7 3 34 2 3 ,8 0 2 5 ,5 0 2 6 ,8 0 2 8 ,7 0
15 8 ,1 1 9 ,0 1 9 ,6 5 1 0 ,6 0 35 2 4 ,6 0 2 6 ,4 0 2 7 ,7 0 2 9 ,7 0
16 8 ,8 8 9 ,8 3 1 0 ,5 0 1 1 ,5 0 36 2 5 ,5 0 2 7 ,3 0 2 8 ,6 0 3 0 ,7 0
17 9 ,6 5 1 0 ,7 0 1 1 ,4 0 1 2 ,5 0 37 2 6 ,4 0 2 8 ,3 0 2 9 ,6 0 3 1 ,6 0
18 1 0 ,4 0 1 1 ,5 0 1 2 ,2 0 1 3 ,4 0 38 2 7 ,3 0 2 9 ,2 0 3 0 ,5 0 3 2 ,6 0
19 1 1 ,2 0 1 2 ,3 0 1 3 ,1 0 1 4 ,3 0 39 2 8 ,1 0 3 0 ,1 0 3 1 ,5 0 3 3 ,6 0
20 1 2 ,0 0 1 3 ,2 0 1 4 ,0 0 1 5 ,2 0 40 2 9 ,0 0 3 1 ,0 0 3 2 ,4 0 3 4 ,6 0

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Capacity
Traffic
• Traffic capacity of a cell is determined by
the number of available traffic timeslots
• Trunking effect gives significant gains
TRX 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BCCH + CCCH 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 1 1
SDCCH 1,5 0,5 1,5 1,5 2,5 2,5 3 3
TCH 6 7 14 22 29 37 44 52
Erl (2% blocking)2,27 2,93 8,20 14,89 21,04 28,25 34,68 42,12
BCCH/
CCCH TCH
SDCCH

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Capacity
Signalling
• Mainly realised by Stand-alone

Dedicated Control CHannel
(SDCCH)
• SDCCH is mainly used in 5 cases:
• call set-up
• SMS
• location updates
• emergency call
• call re-establishment
• SDCCH channel is key in achieving
successful & efficient call set-up

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Capacity
SDCCH Configurations
• TS0 of BCCH TRX always for BCCH

+ CCCH
• TS0 may be configured to carry
DCCH
• SDCCH channels may be
configured in any other TS.
Convention (but not law!) is to put
it on TS1
• configuration
Combined 2 basic configurations
Non-combined configuration
• combined
0 • non-combined
7 0 7
ts1=sdcch/8
ts0=bcch/sdcch/4/pch/agch
ts0=bcch/pch/agch

.Network
NetworkDimensioning
Dimensioning
Cell Capacity
SDCCH Dimensioning
• Efficient network design is

required to achieve 2 goals
• an appropriate signalling
dimensioning strategy, on a cell per
cell basis
• an appropriate upgrade philosophy
• SDDCH channels may be
dimensioned in 3 ways
• on a cell per cell basis
• on a generic macro layer (not linked
to macro/ micro cell layer definitions)
• on both of the above

4 Network Dimension Ing

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

4 Network Dimension Ing

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

.

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Key quantities for radio network

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Before T0, the network is coverage limited

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• When the network is coverage

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

Each network philosophy

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Power budget (8)

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Power budget is used to calculate

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

For cell size evaluations

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

path loss = 154 dB

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

Feeder path loss = 154 dB

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Power budget has to be balanced, even if

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Based on the calculated maximum

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

Building penetration function (morphological area)

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

Full coverage of an area can never

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• When calculating cell radius, LP is

Slow fading margin 3

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Penetration losses have to be

type mean sigma

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• After cell radius has been

Omni Bi-sector Tri-sector

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

cell coverage range

cell service range

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Three hexagons • Three cells

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Improving link budget

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Achievable cell size depends on

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Estimate number of subscribers over

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Traffic is not evenly spread across the

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena

• Problem: many customers, limited

EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 – DVassena