1 - Foundations of Nursing Tics

Good
Morning !!!
April14, 2011
7:30 a.m. – 10:30 a.m.
NURSING
INFORMATICS
Clinical Instructor
Joahne P . Tipay R . N .
1.Uniform
2.Attendance
§Absent
§Late
3.Grading System
Class Standing
•Quizzes 60%
•Recitations 40%
Reference:
ESSENTIALS OF
NURSING
INFORMATICS
By:
 Virginia K. Saba
 Kathleen A.
McCormick
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
• This course deals with the use of
information technology system and
data standards based on nursing
informatics principles/theories. It
further deals with the utilization of
clinical information systems in the
management and decision-making of
patient care.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• At the end of the course and given
relevant actual or simulated
situations/conditions, the student will
be able to:
1. apply concept, theories and
principles of informatics in
nursing and health care.
2. discuss issues and trends in
informatics relevant to nursing
and health.

The Course Outline
COURSE CONTENT:
I.Foundations of Nursing Informatics
Computers and Nursing
a. Historical perspectives of nursing and

the computer.
b. Theories, models and frameworks
c. Advanced terminology systems
COURSE CONTENT:
II.Fundamentals of Information and
Communication Technologies
a. Computer hardware
b. Computer software and
systems
c. Data processing
d. The Internet: a nursing
resource
e. PDA and wireless devices.
COURSE CONTENT:
III.Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)
a. Open source and free software
IV.Nursing System Development Life Cycle
a. Implementing and upgrading clinical

information systems
COURSE CONTENT:
V.Technology Enhanced Nursing Care
Delivery I: Educational Applications
a. Nursing Informatics and health care
policy
b. The role of technology in medication-
use process
c. Health care data standards
d. EHR form: A historical perspective
e. Electronic Health Record System
f. Dependable systems for quality care
g. Nursing minimum data set systems
COURSE CONTENT:
VI.Technology Enhanced Nursing Care

Delivery I: Clinical Applications
a. Practice application
b. Critical care application
c. Community health application
d. Ambulatory care systems
Index Card
Name
Age
Address
Contact Number
Code Name
Next meeting, please bring one 1x1 picture for

your sitting arrangement
What is this?
And this?
• Who among you owns a computer?
• What type/brand?
• What Operating System are you
using?
NURSING INFORMATICS
“Nursing Informatics is a specialty that integrates
nursing science, computer science, and information
science to manage and communicate data, information,
and knowledge in nursing practice. Nursing informatics
facilitates the integration of data, information and
knowledge to support patients, nurses and other
providers in their decision-making in all roles and
settings. This support is accomplished through the use
of information structures, information processes, and
information technology.”
(ANA Scope and Standards of Nursing Informatics
Practice, 2001, pg vii)
Computers and
Nursing
MANUAL HEALTH CARE
SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES

• Easy to implement
• Low cost
• No extra training required
• Requires minimum effort
• Quick processing
• Can be stored anywhere
• Cannot be easily corrupted (with proper
data storage)
MANUAL HEALTH CARE
SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES

• Easy to prepare
• Data profiling can be processed easily
• Readiness of data
•
MANUAL HEALTH CARE
SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES

• Problem with maintenance

• Volume of data becomes a problem
(storage problem)
• Needs lots of paper
• Problem with interpretation/transcription
• Data is not converted easily to information
MANUAL HEALTH CARE
SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES

• Readiness of the information (not data)

• Accessibility to any health care personnel
and accessibility to any health care
• Once the data is burned, it cannot be
reproduced easily
• Coordination of data and information is a
problem
MANUAL HEALTH CARE
SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES

• Integration with the other system such as

laboratory, accounting, etc is a problem
• Data handling is a problem
COMPUTER INFORMATION
SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES

• Data maintenance
• Low maintenance cost
• Volume of data is not an issue
• No paper is required
• No problem with interpretation/ transcription
• Data can be easily converted to information
SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES

• Readiness of the information and data

• Accessibility to any health care personnel
and accessibility to any health care
institution
SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES

• Data cannot be corrupted easily (with proper

back-up)
• Can be integrated with the other system
such as laboratory, accounting,
management, etc
• Data handling is easy
• Data integrity is preserved
SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES

• Data communication is possible

• Statistical information system can be
provided
• Migration to other system is easy
• Can be expanded
• Easy data profiling
SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES

• Implementation requires severe justification

• High starting cost
• Requires training for nurses and health care
giver
• Requires additional effort to implement
• Additional manpower is necessary
SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES

• Special storage is necessary

• Data communication system will have an
additional cost
• Data can be easily corrupted (if no back-up
is provided)
COMPUTER
INFORMATION SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES

• Readiness of data and information is

possible when software is provided in the
health information system
• Requires extensive planning, designing and
commercial implementation
• Information management is essential
APPLICATION OF COMPUTER
TO HEALTH PROFESSIONS
• Automatic searching of parallel
records for medically ill person and
critical medical information.
• Automatic searching of nationwide
databases holding registries of
patients with critical problems.
• Automated review of similar
patients to determine expected
lengths of stay, costs, and rates
of complications – allowing
better financial forecasting for
the hospital and better
information for the patient and
caregiver.
• System will allow the user to very
easily pull information from vast
numbers of patients (without
names!) into spreadsheets,
databases, graphing packages to
create instant displays of outcome,
treatment paths and options.
• Improved communication between
multiple providers to reduce the “it
slipped through the cracks”
syndromes that plague the smooth
running of operating rooms.
• Patient care and management – care
providers are using data entry
devices to document care given both
at the bedside and at central
terminals.
• Patient records - compilation of patient
or test data, maintenance and
retrieval of these records and use of
these records for billing and usage
and outcome analysis.
• Patient monitoring - by recording patient
data on-line and from various tests.
• Exchange of medical data - from the
compilation and maintenance of
databases.
• Interactive medical education – from
database and tutorial software.
• Physician decision making – from the use
of patient records and other databases.
AN OVERVIEW
• NI represents the transition of data and
data information and knowledge into
action.
• NI represents the practice, administration,
community health, nursing education,
and nursing research applications.
• It also addresses other new applications
such as international aspects or
peripheral to the field such as legal,
consumer issues, or theoretical issues.
• In the past 25 years, NI specialists
emerged as a new specialty by the ANA.
• In 1981, there was approximately 15
nurses who identified this new specialty
as their area of interest and expertise
• In 1990 this number increased by 500% to
approximately 5,000 nurses
• Year 2000, it increased by approximately
another 500%
• By year 2010, it is anticipated that majority
of nurses entering the profession will be
computer literate
• It is also anticipated that every healthcare
setting – acute care hospital, academic
school of nursing, large community health
agency of health care where nurses
function – will employ at least one NI
specialist and will implement some type
of CIS.
•
• Increased interest in NI occurred because of
the concerted efforts of several groups
that promoted nursing as an integral part
of the EHR systems being implemented in
health care.
ØNational and international professional
nursing organizations began to endorse
and approve data standards as separate or
as an integral components of the EHR
systems.
ØIndividual nurses began to demand CIS
to document their care, regardless of
where they work
ØVendors of EHR systems began to
include nursing care components in
their systems
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
OF NURSING AND THE
COMPUTER
• The computer is the most powerful
technological tool to transform the
nursing profession.
• Computer has transformed nursing paper-
based records to computer-based
records
• Today and tomorrow, the computer and
the internet are essential for all settings
where nurses function
OF NURSING AND THE
COMPUTER
• “Computer” is an all encompassing term
referring to information technology (IT),
computer systems, and when they are
used in nursing, refer to nursing
information systems (NISs), nursing
application, and/or nursing informatics
(NI)
OF NURSING AND THE
COMPUTER
• NI has emerged as a new term
encompassing these technologies
enabling nurses to manage health care
and patient care more efficiently and
effectively.
OF NURSING AND THE
COMPUTER
• Computers in nursing are used to manage

information in patient care, monitor the
quality of care, and evaluate the
outcomes of care.
OF NURSING AND THE
COMPUTER
• Computers and networks are now used for
communicating
ØSending/receiving data and messages via
the internet
ØAccessing resources
ØInteracting with patients on the World Wide
Web (WWW)
OF NURSING AND THE
COMPUTER
• Nurses are increasingly involved with
systems used for planning, budgeting,
and policy-making for patient care
services as well as enhancing nursing
education and distance learning with
new media modalities.
•
OF NURSING AND THE
COMPUTER
• Computers are also used to support
nursing research, test new systems,
design new knowledge databases and
advance the role of nursing in the health
care industry
MAJOR HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING
AND THE COMPUTER
• Computer technology emerged in
nursing in response to the changing
and developing technologies in the
health care industry and in nursing
practice.
MAJOR HISTORICAL
AND THE COMPUTER
• It is analyzed according to
1. Six time periods
2. Four major nursing areas
3. Standards initiatives
4. Significant landmark events
5. Major landmark milestone chart
MAJOR HISTORICAL
AND THE COMPUTER
1.Six time periods
– Prior to the 1960s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s,
1990s and post 2000
2.Four major nursing areas
– Nursing practice, administration, education,
and research
APPLICATION OF NURSING
INFORMATICS
Nursing Informatics can be applied to all areas of
nursing practice, which include; clinical practice,
administration, education, and research.
Below are some examples of how nursing
informatics, information technology and
computers, are used to support various areas of
nursing practice.
INFORMATICS
 Nursing Clinical Practice (Point-of-Care Systems
and Clinical Information Systems)
– Work lists to remind staff of planned nursing
interventions
– Computer generated client documentation
– Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and Computer-
Based Patient Record (CPR)
– Monitoring devices that record vital signs and other
measurements directly into the client record
(electronic medical record)
INFORMATICS
 Nursing Clinical Practice (Point-of-Care Systems
and Clinical Information Systems)
– Computer - generated nursing care plans and critical
pathways
– Automatic billing for supplies or procedures with
nursing documentation
– Reminders and prompts that appear during
documentation to ensure comprehensive charting
•
INFORMATICS
Nursing Administration (Health Care Information

Systems)
– Automated staff scheduling
– E-mail for improved communication
– Cost analysis and finding trends for budget
purposes
– Quality assurance and outcomes analysis
•
INFORMATICS
Nursing Education

– Computerized record-keeping
– Computerized-assisted instruction
– Interactive video technology
– Distance Learning-Web based courses and
degree programs
– Internet resources-CEU's and formal nursing
courses and degree programs
– Presentation software for preparing slides and
handouts-PowerPoint and MS Word
INFORMATICS
 Nursing Research
– Computerized literature searching-CINAHL, Medline
and Web sources
– The adoption of standardized language related to
nursing terms-NANDA, etc.
– The ability to find trends in aggregate data, that is
data derived from large population groups-
Statistical Software, SPSS
MAJOR HISTORICAL
AND THE COMPUTER
3.Standards initiatives
– Nursing practice, nursing data, and health
care standards
4.Significant landmark events
5.Major landmark milestone chart
6.
THEORIES, MODELS AND
FRAMEWORKS
INFORMATION SYSTEM IN
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
• Informatics (informatics comes from the French
word informatique which means computer
science). Informatics is defined as computer
science + information science.
• Used in conjunction with the name of a
discipline, it denotes an application of
computer science and information science to the
management and processing of data,
information, and knowledge in the named
discipline.
• Thus we have, medical informatics, nursing
informatics, pharmacy informatics and so on.
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
• Hebda (1998 p. 3), defines nursing informatics as
"the use of computers technology to support
nursing, including clinical practice,
administration, education, and research."
• American Nurses Association (ANA) (1994) has
defined nursing informatics as "the
development and evaluation of applications,
tools, processes, and structures which assist
nurses with the management of data in taking
care of patients or supporting the practice of
nursing.”
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
• Graves, J. R., & Corcoran, S. (1989). The Study
of Nursing Informatics. Image: Journal of
Nursing Scholarship, 27, 227-231. define
nursing informatics as "a combination of
computer science, information science and
nursing science designed to assist in the
management and processing of nursing data,
information and knowledge to support the
practice of nursing and the delivery of nursing
care."
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
Informatics

– Is the science of information, the practice

of information processing, and the
engineering of information system.
– Studies the structure, algorithms, behavior
and interactions of natural and artificial
systems that store, process, access, and
communicate information.
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
Informatics

– Develops its own conceptual and

theoretical foundations and utilizes
foundations developed in other fields
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
Information System

– Is a collective term referring to a system

of data records and activities that
processes and translate the data to
information in an automated process
– The processing of data involves the use
of computer systems and specialized
software that manipulates the
information-processing activities of an
organization
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
Information System

– Computer-based information
systems are in the field of
information technology.
– The discipline of nursing informatics
is related to the processing of data
of patients records into information
which are supported by information
system
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
Information System

– There are various types of information

system in the healthcare industry such
as:
– Decision support system for patient care
– Patient data profiling
– Knowledge discovery and management
– Transaction records processing system
– Hospital information system
– Pharmacy health system
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
Information System

– There are various types of information

system in the healthcare industry such as:
– Clinical information system
– Electronic health records
– Critical care system
– Patient care management
– Hospital facility management
– Nursing information system
HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY
Information System

– The starting point of the introduction of

the health care information system,
most especially in the Philippines, is the
proper education and appropriate
teaching.
– Teaching nursing informatics today is very
timely since the availability of the
information technology is very
widespread.
PRESERVATION OF HEALTHCARE
QUALITY THROUGH NURSING
INFORMATICS
– In the Philippines, many organizations such
as the DOH, are trying to educate and
inform the public about healthcare quality.
– Regulatory reforms are already
conceptualized when the fourteenth
congress of the Republic of the
Philippines, on its second session,
introduces the implementation of Health
Information Technology (HIT), through the
effort of the senate.
INFORMATICS
Article 8 Section 11 of the 1987
Constitution
“ the State shall adopt an integrated and
comprehensive approach to health

development which shall endeavor to
make essential goods, health and other
social services available to all people”
INFORMATICS
– NI will help make patients aware of what
they are really getting and enables
them to make decisions that reflect
their requirements and their ideals.
MODELS FOR NURSING
INFORMATICS
– Models are representations of some
aspect of the real world
– Models show particular perspectives of
a selected aspect and may illustrate
relationships.
– Models evolve as knowledge about the
selected aspect changes and are
dependent on the “world view” of
those developing the model.
MODELS FOR NURSING
INFORMATICS
– Different models reflect different

viewpoints and are not necessarily
competitive; there is no one “right”
model.
– Different scholars in nursing informatics
have proposed different models
NURSING INFORMATICS
MODELS
General Models

• Graves and Corcoran’s model

• Schwirian’s model
• Turley’s model
• Data Information Knowledge (D-I-K) model
• Benner’s Novice to Expert model

GRAVES AND CORCORAN’S
MODEL (1989)
Nursing informatics as the linear

progression - from data into

information and knowledge
• Management processing is integrated
within each elements, depicting nursing
informatics as the proper management
of knowledge – from data as it is
converted into information and
knowledge

MODEL (1989)
Nursing informatics as the linear

progression - from data into

information and knowledge
• Management processing is integrated
within each elements, depicting nursing
informatics as the proper management
of knowledge – from data as it is
converted into information and
knowledge

MODEL (1989)
The framework for nursing informatics relies on the
central concepts of data, information and
knowledge:
data is defined as discrete entities that are
described objectively without interpretation
information as data that is interpreted,
organized or structured
knowledge as information that has been
synthesized so that interrelationships are
identified and formalized.
MODEL (1989)
Resulting in decisions that guide practice
The management and processing components may

be considered the functional components of
informatics.
MODEL (1989)
MANAGEMENT
DATA INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE

MODEL (1989)
Data: 140 systolic
Information: 50 year-old male, day 3 of
Hospitalization, BP 140/70
Knowledge: Pt. demographics, record of BP
readings, circulation system: anatomy & physiology,
pharmacokinetics of ordered medication
Decisions: That guide practice
SCHWIRIAN’S MODEL (1986)
Nursing informatics involves identification of
information needs, resolution of the needs,
and attainment of nursing goals/objectives
 Patricia Schwirian – proposed a model intended
to stimulate and guide systematic research in
nursing informatics
 Model/framework that enables identification of
significant information needs, that can foster
research (somewhat similar to Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs)

GOAL
USERS
TECHNOLOGY
RAW MATERIALS
(Nursing-related information)
TURLEY’S MODEL (1996)
• Nursing informatics is the intersection
between the discipline-specific science
(nursing) and the area of informatics
• Core components of informatics:
– Cognitive science
– Information science
– Computer science
COMPUTER
SCIENCE
INFORMATION
SCIENCE NURSING
COGNITIVE
SCIENCE
DATA-INFORMATION-
KNOWLEDGE MODEL
NI is a specialty that integrates nursing science,

computer science and information science to

manage and communicate data, information,
knowledge and wisdom into nursing practice
(ANA)
 Nursing informatics is an evolving, dynamic
process involving the conversion of data into
information, and subsequently knowledge
 Important Note: Processing of information
does not always result in the development
of knowledge.
KNOWLEDGE
COMPLEXITY
INFORMATION
DATA
HUMAN INTELLECT
BENNER’S LEVEL OF
EXPERTISE MODEL
• Every nurse must be able to
continuously exhibit the capability to
acquire skills (in this case, computer
literacy skills parallel with nursing
knowledge), and then demonstrate
specific skills beginning with the
very first student experience

LEVELS OF EXPERTISE
(BENNER):
• Novice – individuals with no experience of
situations and related content in those
situations where they are expected to perform
tasks
• Advanced Beginner – marginally demonstrate
acceptable performance having built on
lessons learned in their expanding experience
base; needs supervision
• Competent – enhanced mastery and the ability
to cope with and manage many contingencies

EXPERT
PROFICIENT
COMPETENT
ADVANCED
BEGINNER
NOVICE
LEVELS OF EXPERTISE
(BENNER):
 Proficient – evolution through continuous
practice of skills, combined with
professional experience and knowledge;
individual who appreciates standards of
practice as they apply in nursing
informatics
Expert – individual with mastery of the
concept and capacity to intuitively
understand the situation and immediately
target the problem with minimal effort or
problem solving

PHILIPPINE
PERSPECTIVE
by: Kristian R. Sumabat, RN
President, Philippine Nursing Informatics
Association
• The Philippine nursing community have
long sought to keep up with increasing
use of information and technology in the
healthcare system.
• Nursing Informatics follows the footsteps
of biomedical informatics which has
gained relative popularity earlier than it's
other allied medical counterparts.
Association
• Despite being in it's early stages of
development the subspecialty of nursing
informatics on the Philippines have more
than a decade of history which led to
future programs and activities.
Association
• Some of the major milestones in nursing
informatics history in the Philippines which
includes the participation of the Philippine
Nurses Association (PNA) in the development
of Standards for Health Information in the
Philippines (SHIP) in 1999, the formation of
the Master of Science in Health Informatics
(MSHI) which began in 2005 and the formation
of the Philippine Nursing Informatics
Association (PNIA) in 2010 as a sub-specialty
organization of PNA for nursing informatics.
Association
• The words "nursing informatics" were unfamiliar
among the nursing community until the year
2008.
• There were only a handful of people with
knowledge and experience in nursing
informatics but the discipline have not yet
found its recognition as a sub-specialty of
nursing arts and science in the country.
• The origin of this budding discipline indirectly
came from the pioneers of health informatics
in the Philippines.
Association
• Since 1998, several faculty members of the
University of the Philippines began formal
education and training.
• Dr. Herman Tolentino
• Dr. Alvin Marcelo
• Dr. Micheal Muin
• Dr. Ryan Bañez.
Association
• By the year 2003, a Master of Science in Health
Informatics was proposed to be offered by UP-
Manila College of Medicine (major in medical
informatics) and the College of Arts and
Science (major in bioinformatics) and was
later approved to be offered starting academic
year 2005-2006.
• In 1999, a study group was formed headed by
the National Institute of Health of the
University of the Philippines Manila.
Association
• This group identified international standards for
health information and their adaptability in the
Philippines.
• The document is referred to as the "Standards of
Health Information in the Philippines, 1999
version" or "SHIP99".
• Representatives from various sectors collaborated
on this project including the Philippine Nurses
Association (PNA) in the person of Ms. Evelyn
Protacio.
Association
CHED as a Catalyst

• The nursing community was still yet to follow its

international counterparts in the adoption of
information, communication and technology in
nursing practice in the Philippines.
• Despite the inclusion of Informatics course in the
undergraduate curriculum which focused on basic
desktop applications, the need for genuine nursing
informatics course had not yet been realized.
Association
CHED as a Catalyst

• In 2008, Nursing Informatics course in the

undergraduate curriculum was defined by the
Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
Memorandum Order 5 Series of 2008.
• This was later revised and included as Health
Informatics course in CHED Memorandum Order
14 Series of 2009.
*IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
(DATA SETS):
• ABC codes
• Perioperative Nursing Data Set (PNDS)
• SNOMED CT
• International Classification for Nursing
Practice (ICNP)
• Patient Care Data Set (PCDS)
• NANDA
• LOINC

ABC CODES
• mechanism for coding integrative health
interventions by clinician for
administrative billing and insurance
claims
• includes complementary and alternative
medicine interventions and codes that
map all NIC, CCC, and Omaha system
interventions

PERIOPERATIVE NURSING
DATA SET (PNDS)
• universal language for perioperative
nursing practice and education;
standardize documentation of
perioperative data in all perioperative
settings
• Diagnosis based on NANDA, interventions
based on NIC, and outcomes based on
NOC

SNOMED CT
• core clinical terminology containing
over 357,000 healthcare concepts
with unique meanings and formal
logic-based definitions organized
into multiple hierarchies
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION
FOR NURSING PRACTICE (ICNP)
• integrated terminology for nursing
practice developed under
sponsorship of International Council
of Nurses
ICNP elements:
• Nursing phenomena (nursing

diagnosis)
• Nursing actions (nursing
interventions)
• Nursing outcomes
PATIENT CARE DATA SET
(PCDS)
• terms and codes for patient problems,
therapeutic goals, and patient care
orders
• developed by Dr. Judith Ozbolt

ORGANIZATIONS AS
RESOURCES
• AMIA
• NLN
• HIMSS
• SHS
• ACM
• ARMA
• ASIS & T
•
AMERICAN MEDICAL
INFORMATICS ASSOCIATION
(AMIA)
• authoritative body in the field of medical
informatics and frequently represents
the United States in the informational
area of medical informatics in
international forums
• dedicated to the development and
application of medical informatics in the
support of patient care, teaching,
research, and healthcare administration

NATIONAL LEAGUE FOR
NURSING (NLN)
 Mission: To advance quality nursing education
that prepares the nursing workforce to meet
the needs of diverse populations in an ever-
changing healthcare environment
 Addresses faculty development and educational
research
 *Educational Technology and Information
Management Advisory Council (ETIMAC) –
promote effective use of technology in nursing
education, as a teaching tool and outcome for
student-faculty learning

HEALTHCARE INFORMATION
AND MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS SOCIETY (HIMSS)
• assumes leadership role in the health
care information technology
standards of nursing and advocacy
of key innovations in health care
delivery and administration

SOCIETY FOR HEALTH
SYSTEMS (SHS)
 Individual membership organization that exists
to enhance the career development and
continuing education of professionals who
use industrial and management engineering
expertise for productivity and quality
improvement in the healthcare industry.

ASSOCIATION FOR
COMPUTING MACINERY
(ACM)
 Founded in 1947
 Major force in advancing skills of information
technology professionals and students
worldwide
ARMA INTERNATIONAL
 MISSION: provide education, research, and
networking opportunities to information
professionals, to enable them to use their
skills and experience to leverage the value of
records, information and knowledge as
corporate assets and as contributors to
international success.

Association of Records Managers &

Administrators
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
INFORMATION SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
 The society for information professionals
leading the search for new and better
theories, techniques, and technologies to
improve access to information

ASSIGNMENT
1.Trace the history of computers. Give the
description of each class of computer.
How are they different from one
another in terms of:
a. Memory
b. Speed
c. Function
2.Give your idea about the different types of
computer. Which type, in your opinion,
is best for student use and why.
“digital natives
versus digital immigrants”
• A common assumption espoused by the
popular media and educators is that
young people have higher competency
with ICT than their elders.
• According to Prensky (2001a), students
born after roughly 1980 are “digital
natives” because they have grown up
with digital media and spend a great
deal of time engaging with new digital
devices and exploring online.
“digital natives
versus digital immigrants”
• Prensky (2001a) has described in detail
the media consumption habits of these
so-called digital natives:
 Today’s average college grads have spent less
than 5,000 hours of their lives reading, but over
10,000 hours playing video games (not to
mention 20,000 hours watching TV). Computer
games, emails, the Internet, cell phones and
instant messaging are integral parts of their lives
(p. 1).their elders

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a. Historical perspectives of nursing and

a. Open source and free software

IV.Nursing System Development Life Cycle

a. Implementing and upgrading clinical

VI.Technology Enhanced Nursing Care

Next meeting, please bring one 1x1 picture for

• Problem with maintenance

• Readiness of the information (not data)

• Integration with the other system such as

• Readiness of the information and data

• Data cannot be corrupted easily (with proper

• Data communication is possible

• Implementation requires severe justification

• Special storage is necessary

• Readiness of data and information is

• Computers in nursing are used to manage

– Is the science of information, the practice

– Develops its own conceptual and

– Is a collective term referring to a system

– There are various types of information

– There are various types of information

– The starting point of the introduction of

comprehensive approach to health

– Different models reflect different

• Graves and Corcoran’s model

progression - from data into

progression - from data into

The management and processing components may

DATA INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE

computer science and information science to

• The nursing community was still yet to follow its

• In 2008, Nursing Informatics course in the

• Nursing phenomena (nursing

Association of Records Managers &

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