Microbes Barrier clothing

P r e s e n t e d b y: v i j a y s k h o i w a l
2010tte3678
 Barrier clothing
•
•
Utilized to prevent

occurrence of
strikethrough

Bacteria
VIRUS /
 Penetration of
microorganisms,
particulates, or
fluids through a
fabric.
 Basic requirement for barrier
resistant fabric


qResist the penetration of fluid

qProtect from virus/bacteria
qBreathable
qSterile
qFlexible
•
Parameter which affect functionality

qPore size
q
qPore size distribution
q
qSurface structure
q
qSize of the bacteria.
 Parameter which affect the pore size

Fabric raw material

• Type of fibre or filament
• Cross section
Yarn parameter

• Fineness
• Packing density
Fabric parameter

• Weave
• Thread density
 Treatment for microbes resistant
Antimicrobial nano finish 


Antimicrobials are defined as the agents that either kill microorganisms or



simply inhibit their growth.

• Antimicrobial agents kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth by:
q Cell wall damage
q Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
q Alteration of cell wall permeability
q Inhibition of the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids
q Inhibition of enzyme action
• Some examples of antimicrobial agents include:
q Metals and metal salts  deactivation of proteins
q Quaternary ammonium salts  membrane damage
q N-Halamines  oxidative properties
q Others: organic molecules (e.g. Triclosan), natural substances (e.g.
chitosan)

Requirements for Antimicrobial Finishes
 Antimicrobial textile finishes must exhibit:
• Effective control of bacteria, molds and fungi
• Selective activity towards undesirable microorganisms
• Absence of toxic effects for both the manufacturer and the
consumer
• Durability of activity to laundering, dry cleaning, leaching
• Applicability with no adverse effects on the fabric
• Acceptable moisture transport properties
• Compatibility with other finishing agents
• Easy application, compatibility with common textile
processing
•
 Antimicrobials Mode of Action

 An antimicrobial textile can act in two distinct ways:

• By contact:
 The antimicrobial agent placed on the fiber does not
disperse and, to attain the antimicrobial action,
microorganisms have to contact the fiber.
• By diffusion:
 The antimicrobial agent placed on the surface or in the fiber
disperses more or less rapidly in a humid external
medium to reach the microorganisms and inhibit their
growth.

N-Halamines
 Chitosan

qChit osan is a non-t oxic,

biodegradable, nat ural
polysaccharide.
qThe only difference bet ween chit osan
and cellulose is t he am ine group in
t he posit ion C-2 of chit osan inst ead
of t he hydroxyl group in cellulose.

qChit osan inhibit s bact eria growt h.

qChit osan can form insoluble net work (t hrough it s am ino or hydroxyl groups).
qDue t o t he react ive hydroxyl groups chit osan can be chem ically bound on
cellulose t hrough com m on durable press finishes.
 Plasma treatment

• A plasma is a gas the neutral molecules of which

are energized, for example by the gas exposure
to a high electric field, to a point where some
electrons become free and the gas turns into a
mixture of electrons, ionized atoms and
molecules, photons and residual neutral
species.
• Plasma penetrates into the fabric and the
treatment is achieved on the level of individual
fibers that form the fabric, even those fibers
that are in the volume of fabric and in the
interior of bunches of fibers.
 DESIGN OF WATERPROOF
BREATHABLE FABRICS
There can be different types of design of water-


proof breathable fabrics are following:

• Microporous polymer membranes
• Solid polymer(monolithic) films
• Bicomponent films

 Microporous polymer coating

• A microporous barrier has microscopic holes

through its polymer-based film.
• The microporous barrier layer ‘breathes’
primarily through a permanent air-permeable
pore structure.
• The pores at the outer surface are usually <2
mm in diameter and capable of repelling even
the finest water drop through surface tension
effects.
• Air and water vapour can pass freely through the
tortuous pathways provided that suitable
concentration gradient exists between the
inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.
 Preparation Methods of Microporous

The most commonly applied methods for



microporous preparation are:



• Solvent evaporation
• Precipitation polymerization
• Suspension crosslinking
• Phase separation

 Solvent evoporation
q Step 1: Active Polymer
Ingredient + Volatile organic solvent
 Formation of a
solution/dispersion of the drug
into an organic polymer phase.
Organic Polymeric Phase
q Step 2:
Addition into an aqueous
 Emulsification of the phase (+o/w stabilizer)
polymer phase into an aqueous Formation of Oil-in-Water
phase containing a suitable Emulsion
stabilizer, thus, forming a o/w
emulsion. Temperature increase

q Step 3: Solvent Evaporation

 Removal of the organic
solvent from the dispersed phase
by extraction or evaporation Particle Formation by
leading to polymer precipitation Polymer
and formation of the Precipitation
microspheres.
 RECOVERY OF POLYMERIC
MICROPARTICLES
 Precipitation Polymerization
q Monodisperse microgels in
Drug
the micron or
submicron size range.
q Precipitation
polymerization starts
from a homogeneous
monomer solution in
which the synthesized
polymer is insoluble.
q The particle size of the
resulting microspheres
depends on the
polymerization
conditions, including
the
monomer/comonomer
composition, the
amount of initiator and
the total monomer
Monomer(s) (e.g. acrylamide, methacrylic acid)
+ Cross-linker (e.g. methylenebisacrylamide)
Preparation of the
Polymerization Mixture Alcohol
Addition of the alcoholic solution
of the initiator (e.g., AIBN)
Initiation of Polymerization
8 hrs Reaction time
Monodisoerse Latex
Formation by Polymer
Precipitation
T (reaction) = 60 °C
Nitrogen Atmosphere
RECOVERY OF POLYMERIC
MICROPARTICLES
 Suspension Crosslinking
 Process Parameters:
Drug Polymer
qType/concentration of the
cross-linker Formation of the Aqueous Polymer Phase
qMW and hydrophilicity of
the polymer Addition of continuous organic
phase (+w/o Emulsifier)

qConcentration of the Formation of w/o Emulsion

polymer solution
qType/concentration of the Addition of
crosslinking agent
Crosslinking
surfactant
qVolume ratio of the
Separation / Washing
dispersed to the with suitable solvents

continuous phase
qAgitation type and speed RECOVERY OF HYDROGEL MICROPARTICLES


 Phase Separation

Materials:

PHASE

qPoly(vinyl SEPARATION

alcohol)
qGelatin Homogeneous
Polymer Solution Droplets
Coacervate
Droplets

qGelatin-
Acacia MEMBRANE

FORMATION
qPolyvinyl
methyl Polymeric
Membrane

ether
The oil droplets can contain a dispersion of hydrogel particles loaded with an

active ingredient
 Monolithic Coating

• Barriers using this technology have a continuous (no

microscopic holes) polymer based film or coating
that allows no direct air or moisture vapour flow.
• Moisture vapour transmission occurs by molecular
diffusion as the moisture is absorbed by the
membrane and released on the other side.
• The permeate dissolves on the surface of the
membrane on the side of higher concentration, and
then diffuses across the film. When the vapour
arrives at the opposite surface, the permeate
desorbs and typically enters the surrounding
airspace as a gas or vapour. Because fabrics coated
with solid polymer contain no surface pores, they
are not susceptible to surface contamination and
are good barrier to blood-borne pathogens.
•
 Biocompnent

Bicomponent barrier technology combines



elements of both the microporous and monolithic

technologies in either an intimate or a layered
fashion. In layered constructions, the microporous
and monolithic elements are simply applied one on
top of the other. In intimate bicomponent
constructions, the two technologies are intertwined,
allowing a barrier to be produced without any of the
compromises normally present when either of the
other two technologies is used alone
 Bicomponent
Monolithic polymer coating Microporous polymer coating

Fabric Layer
 Application in medical textile

The most important microbial barrier property for surgical apparel is that the
product demonstrates the ability to resist both wet and dry microbial
Surgical gown and drapes
penetration.

Surgical table cover

Surgical wrappers
Surgical mask
 referencs

• www.surgicenteronline.com
• Kannekens, A. (1994). Breathable Coatings and Laminates, Journal of
Coated Fabrics, 24:51
• Lickfield, D. (2001). Nonwovens in Medical Textiles, International Fibre
Journal,2:42
• B.K. Behera and H. Arora(2009), Surgical Gown: A Critical Review ,
Journal of Industrial Textiles 38: 205
• Rajpreet K. Virk, Gita N. Ramaswamy, Mohamed Bourham and Brian
Lee Bures (2004), Plasma and Antimicrobial Treatment of
Nonwoven Fabrics for Surgical Gowns, Textile Research Journal 74:
1073
• Arunangshu Mukhopadhyay and Vinay Kumar Midha(2008) , A Review
on Designing the Waterproof Breathable Fabrics Part II , Journal of
Industrial Textiles 38: 17
• Larry C. Wadsworth and H. Charles Allen(1998), Development of
Highly Breathable and Effective Blood/Viral Barrier Laminates of
Microporous Films, Staple Fibers and Nonwovens, JR: Journal of
Industrial Textiles 28: 12

Thank you