Submitted By: Submitted To:

Deepanshu Agrawal Prof. Vivek Jain

Branch: E.C. Department of Language & Comm.
Sem. : II Skills
Roll No. : 0223EC101023
BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
 What is Brain Drain??
 Evolution of brain drain
 Evidences of Brain Drain
 Governments and brain drain
 Why is brain drain critical?
 Who is impacted by brain drain?
 Different sides of brain drain
 Cross-border Education and Brain Drain
 The reasons that make qualified and skilled individuals decide to move to other countries
 What are some of the professional fields in which brain drain and brain gain take place?
 What are the negative effects of brain drain on the countries from which skilled and qualified
people move?
 What do you suggest that different governments should do in order to deal with brain drain?
 In what ways is brain drain/gain related to globalization and Multinational corporations?
 What are the costs and benefits of skilled migration for the sending countries?

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
Brain drain is an emigration of trained and
talented individuals to other countries, because
of several reasons, such local conflict, or lack
of opportunity, or low income in their own
countries.
It is the outflow of professional people trained
in low- income countries (developing) to
higher-income countries (developed).

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
Historically, brain drains have been from rural to urban
areas (from countryside to cities).
In the 19th century and 20th century there were great
migrations of brains from Europe to North America.
In modern times, there are migrations of brains from
developing nations (Asia, Africa, Latin America) to
developed nations (America, Europe, Australia).
Sometimes, migrations of brains is between developed
countries, especially in the areas of finance, software,
aerospace, healthcare and entertainment.
Ex:- Iraq is said to be presently undergoing brain drain.
BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
75% of Chinese students who studied overseas
between 1978 and 1999 failed to return

USA: 85.9% – UK: 53.2%

Japan: 62.6% – France: 52.4%
Australia: 55.1%

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

0
China
100 96
India
86

Eastern
77
Europe

Iran
70

Canada
62

Argentina
57

All
56

countries

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
New
56

Zealand

Australia
37

Japan
24

Korea
21
Percentage of Indian migrants across the
World

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
In 2000 the US government announced it was raising
the annual number of work visas granted to highly
skilled professionals from foreign countries, from
115,000 to 195,000 per year, until 2003 (policy to
encourage brain gain).
In 2000, the British government started a £20 million,
five year research program that aimed at drawing the
return of the UK’s leading professionals (policy to
reduce brain drain).

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
 Talented, trained, and professional people
are considered human capital.
 Investment in higher education is lost when
trained people leave their countries to work
and live in another country, and usually not
return.

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
Brain drain involves flight of human capital
from one country to another. Therefore, skilled
professionals are prepared in one country but
are invested in another country.

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
 Brain drain has impact on:
1. The migrants: individuals and their families benefit
economically and professionally by living in rich and more
advanced countries.
2. The countries they leave: these are said to lose because they
lose part of their human capital and investment. Sometimes
a migrating individual returns to his/her home country, and
may contribute to its development.
3. The countries they join: these are said to gain because they
get qualified and talented human capitals without having to
pay for their education and training.

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
 Brain drain involves other sides:
1. Brain gain: the movement of trained and talented
individuals into a country (brain drain for a country
and brain gain for another!!) Western industrial
countries gain when qualified individuals from
developing countries go to them.
2. Brain exchange: is a situation in which many
qualified and highly-skilled individuals move out of
the country, and at the same time many qualified
and highly-skilled individuals move into the
country (the case of Canada)

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
 Cross-border education can facilitate brain drain

BUT

 New forms without student mobility might be less

conducive to permanent emigration
 Cross-border education can help build capacity and
thus to reverse brain drain

 (Labour and Business) Opportunities in the economy

 Opportunities in academia
 Better quality of academia, becoming more competitive (and
thus attractive) compared to foreign acdemia
BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
Unemployment
Lack of facilities
Less job appointments
Issue standard of living
Higher amount of stipend
Better facilities even during research work, etc.

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
IT sector
BPOs
Better teaching professions
Market analysts
MNCs
Investors

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
Economic slowdown
Less opportunities for people from other countries.
Less human resource
Less scope of development of the country
Underuse of the resources available in the country

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
Better education facilities in their own country
Less political influence in educational fields
Better research facilities
Up to date research technology
Better job opportunities
Better standard of living
Less bureaucratic complications.

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
Better education facilities in their own country
Less political influence in educational fields
Better research facilities
Up to date research technology
Better job opportunities
Better standard of living
Less bureaucratic complications.

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
Better business links
Investments
Remittances
Strenght of sectors in which they expertise
Better oppertunities in academics
Better quality of academics
Smooth flow of economy

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
 Costs:
 Loss on investment (if they have financed the schooling)
 Loss of qualified human capital (and thus productivity)

 Benefits:
 Investment
 Remittances
 Business links enabling the sending country to participate in
international networks
 Migration back with international experience

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
Remittances to India in Billions of US Dollars,
1990-1991 to 2005-2006

BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL
BY DEEPANSHU AGARWAL