MR Cruz Chapter 7

Chapter 7
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
M. C. Alejandro Cruz
2 Mr. Cruz
7-1 Life is Cellular
 The discovery of the

cell
 The invention of the

microscope
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

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Scientists begin to
Theodor Schwann use microscopes
concludes that all Anton van
animals are made Leewenhoek used a
up of cells single lens
7-1 Life is Cellular microscope to
observe
pond water and other
things
1600 1665 1674 1838 1839 1855
Englishman
Robert Hooke Rudolph Virchow
used an early New cells could be
compound produced from the
Matthias Schleiden microscope to division of existing
concludes look at a thin cells
That all plants are slice of cork
made up of cells CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB
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 Cell theory:
 All living things are
composed of cells
 Cells are the basic units
of structure and
function in living things
 New cells are produced
from existing cells

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 The study of structure and

movement of living cells:
 Fluorescent labels
 Light microscopy
 Confocal light microscopy
 High resolution video
technology

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 TEM:  SEM:
 Transmission electron  Scanning electron
microscope microscope
 Explore cell structure  Beams of electrons
and proteins scan the surface
 Beams of electrons  Produces three
pass through thin dimensional images
samples
 Sample must be cut
ultrathin

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CIDEB
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CIDEB
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CIDEB
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 Cell range 5-50

micrometers
 Two characteristics:
 Surrounded by a barrier
(CM)
 Contain DNA

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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Mr. Cruz
bacteria
Smaller and
Means “before” simpler
Plants,
Contain
animals,
Means “true” nuclei
fungi, protists
Larger and
more Do not
complex contain nulcei
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Eukaryotes Mr. Cruz
Prokaryotes

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CHAPTER 7
7-1 THE END

Mr. Cruz
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7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
 Organelle:
 Specialized structure
that performs important
cellular functions within
a eukaryotic cell
 Cytoplasm:
 Portion of the cell
outside the nucleus

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 Nucleus:
 Contains DNA
coded instructions
 Surrounded by a nuclear
envelope
 Nuclear pores
 Chromatin = DNA + proteins
 Chromosomes
 Nulceolus:
 Assembly of ribosomes
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 Ribosomes:
 Theymake proteins
 RNA + proteins

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 Endoplasmic
Reticulum:
 Internal membrane
system
 Lipids and proteins
are made

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 Rough ER:
 Involved in the synthesis of proteins
 Smooth ER:
 Contains enzymes that synthesize membrane lipids
 Detoxification of drugs
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 Golgi Apparatus:
 Stack of membranes
 Modifies, sorts and packages proteins

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 Lysosomes:
 Filled with enzymes
 Breakdown of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins
 Breakdown organelles

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 Vacuoles:
 Saclike structures
 Storage
 Central vacuole (plants)
 Contractile vacuole
 Homeostasis

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 Mitochondria:
 Two membranes
 Convert chemical energy into compounds
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 Chloroplasts:
 Capture energy from sunlight
 Convert it into chemical energy
 Two membranes

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 Endosymbiotic theory
 Both contain DNA
 Both have double membrane
 Bacterial size

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 Cytoskeleton:
 Gives support
 Network of proteins
 Cell shape
 Movement

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 Microfilaments actin
 tough, flexible framework
 Help cells move
 Microtubules:
 Made of tubulins
 Cell shape
 Form the spindle
 Form centrioles
 Cilia and flagella

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CHAPTER 7
7-2 THE END

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Cell Boundaries
 Cellmembrane:
 Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
 Provides protection and support
 Composition:
 Double-layered sheet called lipid bilayer
 Proteins embedded
 Carbohydrates attach to proteins

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Cell Boundaries

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Cell Boundaries
 Some proteins form channels and pumps

 Many carbohydrates act like ID cards

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 Cell Walls:
 Provide support and protection
 Most are made from fibers of carbohydrate and
proteins
 Plant CW composed of cellulose
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Cell Boundaries
Which cell structure could serve as a

Vacuoles
storage location for water?
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Iiiiiiiiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiii
Which solution would be the

MATH iiiiiiiiiiii
Cell Boundaries iiiiiiiiiiii
most concentrated?
iiiiiiiiiiii
If you dissolved 12 grams of salt in 3 iiiiiiiiiiii
4g/Lwhat is the
liters of water, iiiiiiiiiiii
concentration of salt in the solution? iiiiiiiiiiii
Suppose you added 12 more grams of ii
salt to the24 g/3L = 8What
solution. g/L would be
the resulting concentration??
What if you added another 3 liters of

24 solution.
water to that g/6L = 4What g/L would be
the resulting concentration??
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Cell Boundaries
 Diffusion
 Particles move constantly
 Tend to spread out randomly
 Move from areas where they
are more concentrated to
less concentrated
 Equilibrium
 Solute concentration the
same throughout the system
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Cell Boundaries

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Cell Boundaries
 Osmosis:
 Diffusion
of water through a selectively
permeable membrane

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Cell Boundaries

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Cell Boundaries
 Isotonic:
means “same strength”
 Hypertonic: means “above strength”
 Hypotonic: means “below strength”

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Cell Boundaries

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Cell Boundaries

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Cell Boundaries

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Cell Boundaries

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Cell Boundaries
 Facilitated Diffusion:
 Movement of
specific molecules
across cell
membranes through
protein channels.

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Cell Boundaries
 ActiveTransport:
 Movement of substances against the
concentration
 Requires energy
 Transport proteins (pumps)
 Endocytosis and exocytosis

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Cell Boundaries
 Endocytosis:
 Movement of large molecules by CM
 Process of taking material into the cell by
means of infoldings, or pockets of the CM
 Forms vacuoles

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Cell Boundaries
 Endocytosis (types):
 Phagocytosis
 Pinocytosis

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Cell Boundaries

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Cell Boundaries

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Cell Boundaries
Exocytosis

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CHAPTER 7
7-3 THE END

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The Diversity of Cellular Life
 Unicellular
Organisms

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 Multicellular
Organisms:
 Made up of many cells
 Cell specialization

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 Levels of Organization
 Cell
 Tissue
 Organs
 Organ systems

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CHAPTER 7
THE END
Mr. Cruz
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MR Cruz Chapter 7

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Chapter 7

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

7-1 Life is Cellular

 The discovery of the

 The invention of the

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-1 Life is Cellular

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-1 Life is Cellular

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

1600 1665 1674 1838 1839 1855

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-1 Life is Cellular

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-1 Life is Cellular

 The study of structure and

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-1 Life is Cellular

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-1 Life is Cellular

7-1 Life is Cellular

7-1 Life is Cellular

7-1 Life is Cellular

 Cell range 5-50

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-1 Life is Cellular

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-1 THE END

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

7-2 THE END

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CIDEB

 Some proteins form channels and pumps