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Adjectives and adverbs have different uses.
  

 !"

 #!$#%#$
Examples:
- She is beautiful u man. (adjective beautiful
describes n un ͚u man͛)
- She is beautiful.(adjective beautiful describes
pr n un ͚she͛)
  
Adverbs d three different things: they describe
jerbs, adjectijes, or other adjerbs.
#!#!#!.
Examples:
-She sings beautifully. (adverb beautifully
describes the verb ͚sings͛)
-D n talked quickly t his m ther. (adverb
quickly describes the verb ͚talked͛)
[#!#!
Examples:
-The m ther uas Äleasantly surprised uhen
her daughter came t visit her. (adverb
Äleasantly describes the adjective
͚surÄrised͛)
-We read an extremely l ng st ry. (adverb
extremely describes the adjective ͚long͛)
r
&#!#&#'! ( 

) 
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#(*

The f ll uing examples sh u adverbs that are

f rmed by adding-ly t adjectives:

Adjectives: Adverbs:
recent recently
beautiful beautifully
peaceful peacefully
rAlth ugh m st f adverbs are f rmed by adding -ly
after adjectives, there are several adverbs that have
the similar f rm t the adjectives.
Adjectives: Adverbs:
fast fast
hard hard
late late
Av id using the inc rrect f rms fastly, lately and
hardly.
@lately means recently
@hardly means almost not
Examples:
Î "
She c mes late. (c rrect)
She c mes lately. (inc rrect)
But:
I haven͛t seen him lately.
Î##
He u rked very hard yesterday. (c rrect)
He u rked very hardly yesterday. (inc rrect)
But:
I can hardly believe uhat I͛ve heard.
I hardly ever g t the c ncert.
rThere are many adverbs in English that d n t end in ʹly.
These adverbs can be rec gnized fr m their meanings.
@They can describe uhen s mething happens (Adverbs
f time) : ften, s n, next ueek, last year, this
m rning, seld m, etc.)
@They can describe h u s mething happens (adverbs
f manner) : fast, hard, late, uell
@They can describe uhere s mething happens
(adverbs f place) : at h me, n uhere, here, there, in
the class r m,etc)
 Adjectives r Adverbs?
Generally uhen a u rd  
in English, it
is an #!. H uever, there are a feu u rds
( 
that are 

he following words are common ʹly adjectijes

that can aÄÄear in English:
+&# + , +# +,
+ + +' +(
+-, +' +.$## +$#
. In the Milky Way Galaxy, the m st recent
A B
bserved Supern va appeared in 
.
C D
2. The plane is scheduled t arrive lately
A B
because f the bad ueather.
C D
 




@''means at s me time in the
&&$$#, ''means
 
@''is usually used &##!,
'' is usually $!((
#&.
@''ansuer the questi n ͞-͟,
''ansuer the questi n ͞-&/
. S metime several nati ns bec me partners
A B
in a larger p litical state, f r example, the
C
f ur nati ns j ined in the United Kingd m f
D
Great Britain and N rthern Irreland.
2. Jane u uld like t travel s metimes, but right
A
n u she has t finish her degree.
B C D
 0 

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@F r is used bef re a quantity f time.
It ansuers the questi n ͞h u l ng?͟
Examples:
I have lived here f r 5 years.
Minati has been studying French f r tu m nths.
@Since is used bef re a specific time.
It ansuer the questi n ͞beginning uhen?͟
Examples:
She has been n a diet since April.
We have kn un each ther since 2

5.
 (#
@N l nger means n t any m re.
@N l nger is ften used betueen the auxiliary
verb and the main verb.
@N l nger ansuers the questi n ͞uhen͟.
@Av id use ͞n t l nger͟ r ͞n ne l nger͟
Examples:
I can n l nger see uith ut my glasses.
Brad n l nger u rks here.
 
There is an expected pattern f r dates f the
M nth.
F rmula:
2#$'!#2&2'
r '2#$'!#
Examples:
Valentine͛s Day is n the f urteenth f February.
Valentine͛s Day is n February f urteenth.
 --
@ as a uh le means generally, ften used at the
beginning f a sentence r a clause.
-22
@ uh lly means c mpletely, ften used after
the auxiliary r main verb.
22-
. As a uh le, the neus is c rrect.
2. The neus is uh lly c rrect.
 $+'#,#$!
@ s me dependent clauses may c me in the
middle f a main clause.
@av id using a clause-marker uith ut a verb r
a verb uith ut a clause-marker subject in
dependent clauses f this type.
. The c ncert, uhich is scheduled f r Friday,
has been canceled.
2. My suitcases, uhich are n u at the city
airp rt, have been l cated.
. The G d Earth, ......., is a n vel set in China.
A. Which by Pearl Buck
B. Which uas urittenby Pearl Buck
C. uas uritten by Pearl Buck
D. Pearl Buck being the ne uh ur te it
2. Quasars,uhich relatively small bjects, emit
A B
an en rm us am unt f energy.
C D
 #!%$
Yemember that b th main clauses must have
their un verbs.
$2$'#,# %$
2222
. It is g d that the b x arrived n time.
2. He said that he uanted t g .
3. The experiment pr ved that the plants needed
less uater.
. M st beekeepers have bserved .......at the
appr ach f a thunderst rm.
A. Enraging the bees
B. That bees bec me enraged
C. that bees enraging
D. bec me enraged the bees
2. M st m dern bservat ries c ntain
A B
telesc pes that scientists using as cameras t
C
take ph t graphs.
D
 $
@ in s me dependent clauses, called adjective clauses, the
clause marker refers t and m difies the bject f the main
clause.
Main clause + clause marker + dependent clause
2222
@ Av id adjective clause uith ut a subject r uith ut a verb.
Examples:
. This b k is the ne that ur class used.
2. There are s me things that I d n͛t understand ab ut living
in the United States.
3. This is the uay that ue came the last time.
 AGYEEMENT
Î&$!#!
. His kn uledge f languages and
internati nal relati ns aids him in his u rk.
2. The pr ducti n f different kinds f artificial
materials is essential t the c nversati n f
ur natural res urces.
 3 

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Examples:
. The guest f h n r, al ng uith his uife and
tu s ns, uas seated at the first table.
2. Mary, acc mpanied by her br ther n the
pian , uas very uell received at the talent
sh u.
 3 

@Subject and App sitive (an explanat ry phrase that

f ll us the subject)
@ In all patterns, there must be agreement f the subject
and the app sitive)
@ Av id using a n un r pr n un that d es n t agree in
number uith the subject t uhich it refers.
. The pe ple in my class, m stly internati nal students,
are very friendly.
2. I haven͛t seen my c usins, n u y ung u men, f r
many years.
 #!&#"_
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@An intr duct ry verbal m difier uith ʹing r
-ed sh uld immediately precede the n un it m difies.
Examples;
. Yeturning t her r m, several pieces f jeuelry uere
missing. (inc rrect)
Yeturning t her r m, she f und that several pieces
f jeuelry uere missing. (c rrect)
2. After finishing his speech, the audience uas invited t
ask questi ns. (inc rrect)
After finishing his speech, he invited the audience t
ask questi ns.
 #!&#"&&
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@ A verb f ll us the infinitive, the verb
expresses a manner t acc mplish the
purp se
@ Av id using a n un r t uith an ʹing f rm
instead f the infinitive f purp se.
. T pr tect y urself fr m danger us exp sure
t the sun͛s rays, use (n t using) a sun sreen.
2. T prepare (n t prepare) f r the TOEFL, study
thirty minutes every day f r several m nths.
 |##$$#"##
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@ equal ideas are intr duced by c rrelative
c njuncti ns: - both....and
- not only....but also
. She is fam us n t nly in the United States but
als abr ad. ( not She is n t nly fam us in the
United States but als abr ad)
2. The exam tested b th listening and reading. (not
The exam tested b th listening and t read).
3. He is n t nly intelligent but als creative. (not
He is n t nly intelligent but als he is creative)
 X,/X /
@ ͞Make͟ ften has an idea f ͞creating r
c nstructing͟
. She likes t make her un cl thes.
2. W uld y u like t make a cake?
3. If y u make a mistake, y u sh uld c rrect it.
@ ͞D ͟ ften has an idea f ͞c mpleting r
perf rming͟
. The students are d ing the test.
2. Y u can d y ur laundry at the laundr mat.
3. The neu secretary can d the u rk very uell.
 |#% '
- accede t - acc rding t - equal t
- Inferi r t - near/next t - pri r t
- Yegard t - related t - similar t
- Appr ve f - ashamed f - c nsci us f
- Capable f - c mp sed f - incapable f
- In the habit f - kn uledge f - n t p f
- b red uith - c mpete uith - c ncerned uith
- Yespect f r - resp nsible f r - except f r
- Effect n - depend n - fr un n
- Fr m n u n - fr m time t time
- In c nflict - in the near future
- In the habit f
 |#&%
@ In TOEFL test, u rd families can be c nfusing.
@ W rd families: gr ups f u rds uith similar
meanings and spellings, each u rd in the
family is a different part f speech, f r
example; agreement is a n un, agreeable is an
adjective, agree is a verb.
@ The ending f u rds can help y u identify the
part f speech.
$#&#'#!"
#!($
st re - age st rage
accept -ance acceptance
insist -ence insistence
agree -ment agreement
auth rize -si n/-ti n auth rizati n
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($
c nvenient -ce c nvenience
redundant -cy redundancy
pp site -ti n pp siti n
s ft -ness s ftness
durable -ty durability
#&#'$
$(
p ssibility -able/ible p ssible
intenti n -al intenti nal
distance -ant distant
frequency -ent frequent
juice -y juicy
 #!#&-! X
&/
agree c nsent hesitate plan
aff rd dare h pe pretend
appear decide intend pr mise
arrange demand learn seem
attempt deserve manage tend
ask fail mean threaten
claim f rget ffer uant
#!#&-! X4(
&#'/
admit deny inv lve rec mmend
av id enj y mind regret
c mplete fancy miss risk
c nsider finish p stp ne suggest
delay imagine practice st p
 #$# #!&#"


@Once means at ne time in the past. It m difies
the main subject that f ll us the clause.
F rmula: 2$)2
Example:
. Once a salesman, Pete has been pr m ted t
district manager.
2. Once a citizen f Ireland, he is n u applying r
permanent residency in Canada.
3. Once a clerk in a gr cery st re, Helen is n u a
p liceman.
 Intr duct ry Adverbial M difiers
͞While͟
@While means at the same time.
While can be f ll ued by

as uell as

 in the same clause.
@When must be f ll ued by 
 .
Examples:
. While a salesman, Pete traveled a l t.
2. While he was a salesman, Pete traveled a l t.
3. When he was a salesman, Pete traveled a l t.