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` Material flow in society
` Reduction in raw material usage
` Reduction in solid waste quantities
` Re--use of materials
Re
` Material recovery
` Energy recovery
` Day--to
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` mn definition terms, this refers to the re-
re-use of discarded
items without any additional processing.
` mn manufacturing industry, for example, this may refer to
packaging materials such as wooden pallets or cardboard
boxes used to transport products from factory to
warehouse to retail outlet.
` mn office or household terms it may involve the use of
china cups rather than paper/plastic cups, the backs of
paper.
` Refillable bottles, perhaps supported by deposit schemes,
may be reused many times and are not technically waste
until finally 'discarded'.
   
 

Raw material usage can be reduced by
` Reducing quantity of municipal and industrial waste

` Example
Example-- American cars are on average 20% smaller
than they were in late 1950
` Reduction in size reduces demamnd for raw materials

` Different school of thought

` This will result in reduced jobs

` mt is related to national policies

`Related to world economy

Example-- increase in oil prices has led to more
Example
usage of wood as an alternative
  
 
   

` Major reduction will occur with change in

` National priorities
` External economic forces beyond our control
   
  
` The amount of material used in manufacturing
of product can be reduced
` The useful life of a product can be increased

` The amount of materials used for packaging and

marketing of consumer goods can be reduced
Ex-- the quantity of automobile tires now diposed
Ex
of an annual basis could be cut almost in half if
their useful life were doubled
    
 
 

` Reuse can be done in the situations where
product has utility more than one application
` Ex-- paper bags, newpaper
Ex newpaper,, beverage containers
   

` This is usually interpreted as being 'materials recycling',
or the recovery of waste materials for the original
purpose, or for other purposes excluding energy
recovery.
` This includes both in-
in-house recycling by industry, and
post--consumer recycling by households. One method
post
which is operational and could be expanded is that of
waste exchange, or waste brokerage.
` A waste exchange would handle waste materials which
have the potential of being utilised as raw materials by
another party.
` This sort of scheme depends on the value of the
waste product, its purity, locality and the cost of
transportation, as well as the quantities and rate
generated.
` The most commonly exchanged wastes are
solvents, oils, acids and alkalis, catalysts and
precious metals
  
 
`  
` The main opportunity to increase the volume of paper
recycling is to make newsprint using old newspapers
and magazines.
` New de-
de-inking and recycling plants have been
established
` There has been a small but increasing quantity of high
quality paper being used in the manufacture of printing
and writing papers.


` New investments have been made in plastic recycling,
especially for PET, HDPE and PVC.
` By taking these initiatives, firms have set out to forestall
what they have seen to be more costly government
initiatives such as container deposit legislation or
mandatory recycling requirements.
` mn South Australia, deposit legislation has applied to
certain containers since 1975. While reuse of glass
bottles is high in that State, the container deposit
arrangements inhibit the use of other beverage
containers which could be recycled and may reduce
incentives to collect a wider range of used household
materials.
` arge quantities of recyclable materials still
remain in the waste stream. However, greater
recovery of paper, glass, aluminium and plastics
could make only a limited contribution to
reducing waste as these materials make up a
comparatively small proportion of the waste
stream. A major inroad would require more
recycling of industrial waste, organic materials
such as garden refuse, and building materials.
`     

` Recycling can defer or avoid altogether some waste
materials entering the natural environment.
` For instance, in Australia the recycling of about 90 per
cent of old car batteries avoids some dangerous
pollution in landfill.
` Used oils, solvents and many other chemicals and
dangerous substances are treated for further use.
` Until such time as the use of CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons) is eliminated, recycling of CFCs
can avoid further damage to the ozone layer.
`     

` Energy savings are possible through the recycling of
many materials from many sources.
` mndeed, the savings in energy during reprocessing help
to determine whether the recycling of many products is
commercially worthwhile.
` But the manufacturing stage is just part of the process. A
considerable part of the energy needed to recycle paper,
for example, is in collecting and transporting the
wastepaper.
`     

` Thus, striving for uniform levels of recycling, regardless
of location, does not make good economic or
environmental sense.
` Recycling can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
Whether the benefits are significant in global terms, or
there are more effective ways of reducing these
emissions, are issues which extend well beyond this
report.
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` The reprocessing of recovered materials is not always
pollution free.
` Certain reprocessing technologies create residues which
are difficult to treat.
` The acid-
acid-clay process for rerefining waste oil is one
example where the residual sludge has contaminated
land.
` Whether the use of recycled material is less polluting
than virgin material can only be assessed on a project by
project basis.
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` The effects of de-
de-inking and repulping wastepaper are
relatively benign, using currently available technology
and modern inks which do not contain heavy metals, but
de
de--inking does produce salt in effluent.
` The location of de-
de-inking facilities and the policies
adopted to manage salinity problems are therefore
important in assessing the environmental effects of
paper recycling.
` The costs of collection, transport and reprocessing may
be a disadvantage. This also results in higher costs for
recycled materials.
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` The emphasis upon packaging means that a great deal of
effort goes into extending the recycling of materials
which account for only one tenth of total urban waste by
weight.
` mt also means that the focus is upon products such as
PET bottles which are conspicuous in litter, even though
they form a small part of the waste stream and do not
have major adverse environmental effects.
` Some of these recycling schemes may bring no net gain
to the community.
    
` Operations including recycling, reclamation of organic
substances, metals and other inorganic materials.
` Also includes oil re-
re-refining, and the use of waste
principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy.
This is too broad a definition, and needs to be modified
to focus on 'energy recovery' from waste.
` mt would thus include energy from waste proposals
including anaerobic digestion (and methane capture),
incineration (with heat and/or energy recovery) and
landfill (with energy recovery from methane).
  
  
` A number of materials in waste are suitable for
recovery and reuse
` Eg-- paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, nonferrous
Eg
metals
    
` As 70% of components that comprise solid
waste are organic, potential for the recovery of
energy is high
` The energy contained in the organic matter must
be converted to form that can be used more
easily
` Recovery of heat by burning the organic
material in the solid waste is more common
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` Day-to
Day- to--day Solid waste management is complex
and costly undertaking
` Direct activities that must be considered and
coordinated are
` Waste generation rates, on-on-site storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing and
disposal
` mndirect activities-
activities- financing, operations,
equipments, personnel, cost accounting and
budgeting, contract administration.