Shell Energy Balances and

Temperature Distributions in
Solids and Laminar Flow
Introduction
 Shell Energy balance

Energy In Energy Out

 Temperature Distribution Solids and laminar Flow

Temperature distribution
perpendicular to flow
Approach
Heat conduction problems are solved by following approach

(i) An energy balance is made over a thin slab or shell

perpendicular to the direction of the heat flow, and this balance
leads to a first-order differential equation from which the heat
flux distribution is obtained;
(ii) Then into this expression for the heat flux, we substitute
Fourier's law of heat conduction, which gives a first-order
differential equation for the temperature as a function of
position. The integration constants are then determined by use
of boundary conditions for the temperature or heat flux at the
bounding surfaces.
SHELL ENERGY BALANCES;
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

(1)
SHELL ENERGY BALANCES;
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Convective Transport of energy+ Molecular Transport (heat
conduction)+ Molecular Work = Combined Energy Flux (e)
SHELL ENERGY BALANCES;
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
 The energy production term in Eq. (1) includes:

1. The degradation of electrical energy into heat,

2. The heat produced by slowing down of neutrons and nuclear
fragments liberated in the fission process,
3. The heat produced by viscous dissipation, and
4. The heat produced in chemical reactions.
SHELL ENERGY BALANCES;
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
 After Eq. (1) has been written for a thin slab or shell of material,
the thickness of the slab or shell is allowed to approach zero.
 This procedure leads ultimately to an expression for the
temperature distribution containing constants of integration,
which we evaluate by use of boundary conditions.
 The commonest types of boundary conditions are:
 The temperature may be specified at a surface.
 The heat flux normal to a surface may be given (this is equivalent to
specifying the normal component of the temperature gradient).
 At interfaces the continuity of temperature and of the heat flux normal to the
interface are required.
 At a solid-fluid interface, the normal heat flux component may be related to
the difference between the solid surface temperature To and the "bulk" fluid
temperature Tb (Newton’s law of cooling)
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH AN
ELECTRICAL HEAT SOURCE
 The system: An electric wire of circular cross section with
radius R and electrical conductivity ke (ohm-1 cm-1).
 Through this wire there is an electric current with current
density I (amp/cm2).
 The transmission of an electric current is an irreversible
process, and some electrical energy is converted into heat
(thermal energy).
 The expression for rate of heat production per unit volume is
given by: I2
Se  (2)
Ke
 The quantity Se is the heat source resulting from electrical
dissipation.
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH AN
ELECTRICAL HEAT SOURCE
Assumptions
o The temperature rise in the wire is not so large that the
temperature dependence of either the thermal or electrical
conductivity need be considered.
o The surface of the wire is maintained at temperature To
Aim
 Derivation of expression for radial temperature distribution
within the wire.
 HEAT CONDUCTION WITH AN
ELECTRICAL HEAT SOURCE
Shell considerations

o A cylindrical shell of thickness Δr

and length L
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH AN
ELECTRICAL HEAT SOURCE
Since v = 0 the only contributions to the energy balance are
Rate of heat in across (2rL)qr r ) (2rLqr r ) (3)
cylindrical surface at r

Rate of heat out across (2 (r  r ) L)(qr r  r ) (2rLqr r  r ) (4)

cylindrical surface at r + Δr

Rate of thermal energy production ( 2r r L ) S e (5)

by electrical dissipation

[The notation qr means "heat flux in the r direction," and (…)|r+Δr

means "evaluated at r + Δr.“]
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH AN
ELECTRICAL HEAT SOURCE
We now substitute these quantities into the energy balance of Eq.
(1). Division by 2πLΔr and taking the limit as Δr goes to zero gives:
(rq r ) r  r (rq r ) r )
lim  Se r (6)
r 0 r
The expression on the left side is the first derivative of rqr w.r.t. r,
so that Eq. (6) becomes
d
(rq r )  S e r (7)
dr
This is a first-order differential equation for the energy flux, and it
may be integrated to give
S e r C1
qr   (8)
2 r
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH AN
ELECTRICAL HEAT SOURCE
Applying BC1: if r = 0 => C1=0, so Eq. (8) becomes:
Se r
qr  (9)
2

This states that the heat flux increases linearly with r

We now substitute Fourier's law in the form q = – k (dT/dr) into
Eq. (9) to obtain dT S e r
k 
dr 2 (10)
When k is assumed to be constant, this first-order differential
equation can be integrated to give
Se r 2
T   C2 (11)
4k
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH AN
ELECTRICAL HEAT SOURCE
Applying BC2: if r = R => T=TO, so C2 becomes:
C2  ( S e R 2 / 4k )  T0
Hence Eq. (11) becomes

Se R2
 r 
2

T  T0  1     (12)
4k   R  

 Eq.(12) gives the temperature rise as a parabolic function of the

distance r from the wire axis.
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH AN
ELECTRICAL HEAT SOURCE
o Once the temperature and heat flux distributions are known,
various information about the system may be obtained.
 Maximum Temperature Rise (at r-0)

(13)
 Average Temperature Rise

(14)

 Heat flow at the surface (for a length L of wire)

(15)
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH AN
ELECTRICAL HEAT SOURCE
o Home Work:

o See the solved examples 10.2-1 and 10.2-2 (page # 295) and
try to solve those by yourself.

o Self study the sections 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6