Introduction

P.V.Krishna Kishore
M.C.A-B5

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User UNIX Interface: SHELL
Provides command line as an interface between
the user and the system
Is simply a program that starts automatically
when you login
Uses a command language
Allows programming (shell scripting) within the
shell environment
 Uses variables, loops, conditionals, etc.

Accepts commands and often makes system

calls to carry them out

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Shell Variables
A shell variable is a keyword that is set by the
shell for a specific use.
Usually entered in all uppercase letters.
To display the contents of an individual
variable, use the echo command and place a
dollar sign before the variable name.
Example: echo $BASH

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Various UNIX shells
sh (Bourne shell)
ksh (Korn shell)
csh (C shell)
tcsh
bash
Differences mostly in scripting details

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Predefined Shell Variables
Shell Variable Description
PWD The most recent current working directory.
OLDPWD The previous working directory.
BASH The full path name used of the bash shell.
RANDOM Generates a random integer between 0 and 32,767.
HOSTNAME The current hostname of the system.
IFS Internal Field Separator used as a separator between
words in the shell or shell scripts.
PATH A list of directories to search of commands.
HOME The home directory of the current user.
PS1 The primary prompt.
PS2 Second level prompt.
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Simple Redirections
Command Syntax Short Description

cmd > file Send output of cmd to file

cmd >> file Append output of cmd to file

cmd < file Take input from file

cmd << text Read stdin up to a line identical to

text a.k.a “here command”

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Wildcards
Allows you to select files that satisfy a
particular name pattern (wildcards)

Character Description Example

* Match zero or more char. ls *.c

? Match any single character ls conf.?

[list] Match any character in list Ls [kdgp]*

[lower-upper] Match any character in range Ls [c-fmrv-z]*

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Command Substitution
Command substitution allows you to substitute
the output of a command in place of the
command itself.
Two forms of command substitution:
$(command)
`command`
Examples:
$ echo "User" $(whoami) " is on the system "
$(hostname)
User krush is on the system ux
$ echo "Today's date is" `date`
Today's date is Sun Jul 17 08:06:28 CDT 2005
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Shell Variables
Named locations to store data
Their values can be obtained by preceding their
names with dollar signs ($)
Environment variables are conventionally named
in all capital letters and their values can be made
known (export) to subprocesses.

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User-defined Shell Variables
Created by a user/programmer to store
information to be used in a current script (i.e. not
to be used by other scripts called by the current
script)
Unless exported, they are available only (locally)
to the shell in which they are created
The variable names consist of lowercase letters

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User-defined Shell Variables
Syntax: variable_name = value
Example: Create a variable named “rate” to hold
an interest rate and initialize it to 7.65.
$ rate=7.65

Note that you should use double quotes if the

value of a variable contains white spaces.
Example: name=“Thomas William Flowers”

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Accessing Shell Variables
To access the contents a shell variable, simply
place a dollar sign ($) in front of the variable
name
Syntax: $variable_name
Example: Display the contents of the variables
named MYPATH and “rate”, which were defined
previously.

$ echo $MYPATH
/home/ux/krush/bin
$ echo $rate
6.75
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Resetting Variables
To reset or remove the contents of defined
variables, use the command “unset”
The unset command can be used to unset both
local and environment variables
Syntax: unset variable_name
Example: Remove the contents of the variable
MYPATH.

$ unset MYPATH
$ echo $MYPATH
Null value
$ displayed
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Listing Variables
Use the commands: env and set
env – list all shell variables (including exported)
set – list all set variables: local, and exported
(including variables set to null)

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User input
allows to prompt for user input
Syntax:

read var-name [more vars]

or

read –p “prompt” var-name [more vars]

words entered by user are assigned to

var-name and “more vars”
last variable gets rest of input line

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Command-line Arguments
Use command-line arguments (positional parameters)
to pass information into shell script.

Parameter Meaning
$0 References the name of the current shell script or a UNIX
command
$1-$9 Positional parameters 1 through 9

$# The number of positional parameters

$* All positional parameters

$@ All positional parameters

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Examples:
$ set tim bill ann fred The ‘set’
$1 $2 $3 $4 command can
$ echo $* be used to
tim bill ann fred assign values to
positional
$ echo $# parameters
4
$ echo $1
tim
$ echo $3 $4
ann fred

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Decision Structure
To briefly discuss the following topics:
Decision-structure theory
Relational operators
If-statement
If-elif-statement
Case-statement
Logical operators
File testing

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Decisions

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The if…statement
The if construct has the following syntax:
if [ condition ]; then
statements
[elif condition
then statement]
[else
statements]
fi
The simplest form without the elif and else
parts executes the statements only if the
condition is true.
The phrase elif stands for “else if.” It is part of
the if statement and cannot be used by itself.
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The test command
Syntax: test expression [expression]
Purpose: to evaluate ‘expression’ and return
true or false
Example:
if test –w “$1”
then
echo “The file $1 is write-able”
fi

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Relational Operators
Meaning Numeric String
Greater than -gt
Greater than or equal -ge
Less than -lt
Less than or equal -le
Equal -eg =
Not equal -ne !=
str1 is less than str2 str1 < str2
str1 is greater str2 str1 > str2
String length is greater than zero -n str
String length is zero -z str
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Logical Operators
To test multiple commands and conditional
expressions, you can implement the following
operators:
AND (&&)
OR (||)
NOT (!)

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Logical Operator: &&
The “AND” logical operator has the following
syntax:

statement1 && statement2

This means: “Execute statement1, and if its

exit status is 0 (succeed), execute
statement2.”
If statement1 returns a non-zero exit status,
then statement2 does not run.
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Logical Operator: ||
The “AND” logical operator has the following
syntax:

statement1 || statement2

This means: “Execute statement1, and if its

exit status is non-zero (fail), execute
statement2.”
If statement1 returns 0, then statement2 does
not run.
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Example: File Testing
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter a filename: "
read filename
if [ ! –r “$filename” ]
then
echo “File is not read-able”
exit 1
fi

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The case Structure
Syntax: Purpose:
case test-string in To implement
multi-way branching
pattern1) command-list1
;;
pattern2) command-list2
;;
patternN) command-listN
;;
esac

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The while Loop
Purpose:
To execute commands in “command-list” as long
as “expression” evaluates to true

Syntax:
while [ expression ]
do
command-list
done

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The until Loop
Purpose:
To execute commands in “command-list” as
long as “expression” evaluates to false

Syntax:
until [ expression ]
do
command-list
done
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The break command
while condition
do
cmd-1 This iteration is over
break and there are no
cmd-n more iterations
done
echo “done”

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The continue command
while [ condition ]
do
cmd-1
This iteration is over;
continue do the next iteration
cmd-n
done
echo “done”

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The for Loop
Purpose: To execute commands in “cmd-
list” as many times as the number of words
in the “argument-list”

Syntax:
for variable in argument-list
do
cmd-list
done

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Example1: The for Loop
$ cat for.demo $ for.demo
#!/bin/bash 2
for i in 7 9 2 3 4 5 3
do 4
echo $i 5
done | sort -n 7
9

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Shell Functions
To briefly discuss the following topics:
Understand functions
Components of functions
Implement functions
Why should we write shell functions?
It’s fast. When you invoke a function, it is
already in the shell’s memory.
Easy to develop, organize and maintain long
source code.

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Shell Functions
A function is a set of statements that can be
used to perform a specific task.
Functions are self-contained blocks of code
that can be used multiple times simply by
referencing the function name.
Functions can accept values and return a
result.

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Shell Functions
Functions are implemented within a shell
script and they are usually placed at the
beginning of the script.
They must be defined before they can be
referenced.
General format:
function function-name ( )
{
statements
[return]
}
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Shell Functions
You can place commands before the function
as long as they do not reference the function.
When the shell interprets a script, it reads
past the function and executes statements
following it.
Once the function is called, the shell executes
the statements within the function.
After the function is completed, the shell
returns control to the statements following the
function call.
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Example: function
#!/bin/bash

funky () {
# This is about as simple as functions get.
echo "This is a funky function."
echo "Now exiting funky function."
}

# Function declaration must precede call.

funky

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Example: function
#! /bin/bash

if [ "$USER" = bozo ]
then
bozo_greet ()
{
echo "Hello, Bozo."
}
fi

bozo_greet

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Example: function
#! /bin/bash

bozo_greet ()
{
echo "Hello, $1."
}

bozo_greet bozo
bozo_greet $USER
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