Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA) is a

spread spectrum technique in which we

have to use a wide bandwidth for different
applications. But at the same time more
than one users can use the same
frequency is all done by using a code
called pseudo random code (PN) . In
addition it can provide an extra data
security and it can prevent interference
and jamming of signals
Multiple Access is a technique where by many
subscribers or local stations can share the use
of communication channel at the same time
or nearly so ,despite the fact that there
individual transmissions may originate from
widely different locations . Stated in other way
a multiple access technique permit the
communication resources of the channel to be
shared by a large number of users seeking to
communicate with each other. There are
subtle difference between multiple access and
multiplexing
Multiple Access refers to the remote sharing
of a communication channel such a satellite or
radio channel by users in highly dispersed
locations. On the other hand multiplexing
refers to sharing of a channel such as a
telephone channel by users confined to a local
site
FDMA

TDMA

CDMA
In Frequency Division Multiple Access
disjoined sub bands of frequency are allocated
to the different users on a continuous time
basis. In order to reduce interference between
users allocated adjacent channel bands, guard
bands are used to act as buffer zones. These
guard bands are necessary because of the
impossibility of achieving ideal filtering for
separating the different users
In Time Division Multiple Access each users
is allocated the full spectral occupancy of the
channel but only for a short duration of time
called time slot. Buffer zones in the form of
guard times are inserted between the
assigned time slots. This is done to reduce
interference between users by allowing for
time uncertainty that arises due to system in
perfections, especially in synchronizations
schemes
In CDMA there is no limitations in the use of
frequencies that is we have to use any
frequencies allowed at any time that we need.
And the same time so many users can also
use this same frequency. But it is free from
interference and jamming and it can provide
an extra data security. CDMA is derived from
direct sequence spread spectrum.
When CDMA was first proposed, the industry
gave it approximately the same reaction that
Columbus first got from Queen Isabella when
he proposed reaching India by sailing in wrong
direction. However, through the persistence of
a single company , Qualcomm, CDMA has
matured to the point where it is not only
acceptable , it is now viewed as the best
technical solution around and the basis for the
third-generation mobile system. It is also
widely used in the U.S
An airport lounge with many pairs of people
conversing. TDM is comparable to all the
people being in the middle of the room but
talking turns speaking. FDM is comparable to
the people being in widely separated clumps,
each clump holding its own conversation at
the same time as, but still independent of the
others. CDMA is comparable to everybody
being in the middle of the room talking at
once , but with each pair in a different
language. The French-speaking couple just
hones in on the French, rejecting everything
that is not French as noise. Thus, the key to
CDMA is to be able to extract the desired
signal while rejecting everything else as
random noise
In CDMA, each bit time is subdivided into m
short intervals called chips. Typically, there
are 64 or 128 chips per bit, but in the example
given below we will use 8 chips/bit for
simplicity.
Each station is assigned a unique m-bit code
called a chip sequence. To transmit a 1 bit,
a station sends its chip sequence. To transmit
a 0 bit, it sends the one’s complement of its
chip sequence. No other patterns are
permitted.
Consider there are 4 stations A,B,C and D.
The chip sequences are given below

A: 00011011
B: 00101110
C: 01011100
D: 01000010
it is more convenient to use a bipolar notation,
with binary 0 being -1 and binary 1 being +1 .
So the chip sequence will like this

A: (-1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1)
B: (-1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1)
C: (-1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1)
D: (-1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1)

Each station has its own unique chip

sequence. Let us use the symbol S to indicate
the m-chip vector for station S, and S for its
negation
All chip sequences are pairwise orthogonal
, by which we mean that the normalized inner
product of any two distinct chip sequences,
S and T (written as S T ) is 0 .

 And we know that

S S=1
S S = -1

During each bit time , a station can transmit

a 1 by sending its chip sequence , it can
transmit a 0 by sending the negative of its
chip sequence or it can be silent and transmit
nothing
For the moment we assume that all stations
are synchronized in time, so all chip sequence
begin at the same instant.
When two or more stations transmit
simultaneously their bipolar signals add
linearly. For example if one chip period three
stations output +1 and one station output -1 ,
the result is +2 . One can think of this as
adding voltages: three stations outputting +1
volts and one station outputting -1 volts gives
2 volts
To recover the bit stream of an individual
station, the receiver must know that station’s
chip sequence in advance. It does the
recovery by computing the normalized inner
product of the received chip sequence (the
linear sum of all the stations that
transmitted ) and the chip sequence of the
station whose bit stream it is trying to
recover. If the received chip sequence is S
and the receiver is trying to listen to a station
whose chip sequence is C , it just computes
the normalized inner product , S C
Capacity increases of 8 to 10 times that of an
AMPS analog system and 4 to 5 times of an
GSM system
Improved call quality, with better and more
consistent sound as compared to AMPS
systems
Simplified system planning through the use of
the same frequency in every sector of every
cell
Enhanced privacy
Improved coverage characteristics
Increased talk time for portables
Bandwidth on demand
In an ideal, noiseless CDMA systems the
capacity(i.e. , number of stations) can be
made arbitrary large, in practice , physical
limitations reduce the capacity considerably.
First we have assumed that all chips are
synchronized in time. In reality such
synchronization is not possible
An implicit assumption in our discussion is
that the power levels of all stations are the
same as perceived by the receiver . CDMA is
typically used for wireless systems with a
fixed base stations at varying distance from it
. The power levels received at the base station
depend on how far away the transmitter are
We have also assumed that the receiver
knows who the sender is . In principle, given
enough computing capacity, the receiver can
listen to all the senders at once by running
the decoding algorithm for each of them in
parallel. In real life suffice it to say that this is
easier said than done
The main application of CDMA is in the field of
mobile phone communications. Due to the
increased needs and limitations of
frequencies. Due to the high availability of
bandwidth CDMA can use for application like
internet accessing in mobile phones. So many
protocols have been developing in CDMA the
currently used CDMA is called CDMA ONE. We
have to expect so many improvements in
communication by the use of CDMA