“TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC

POLLUTANTS LIKE BENZENE & BENZO(a)PYRENE

(& METALS) IN AMBIENT AIR”

S.K.TYAGI, SCIENTIST,

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

(MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS)
Delhi-110 032
TRAINING PROGRAME (SHORT COURSE ) ON
“APPROPRIATE INSTRUMENTS & TECHNIQUES FOR COMPLYING
WITH NEW AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS”
AT BBD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,GHAZIABAD
ORGANISED BY “ENVIROTECH CENTRE FOR R&D,NEW DELHI”
 Presntation Covers
About Legislation
About CPCB
About Challenges
About Organic Pollutants
PAHs & BTX- Sampling &
Analytical Techniques
About AAQ Standards
About Interventions &
Strategies to control A.P.
Small Exercise

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

(MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS)
PARIVESH BHAVAN,EAST ARJUN NAGAR,
DELHI-110 032
 Major Environmental
Acts/Rules
1. TheWater (Prevention&Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
2. TheWater (Prevention&Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977
3. TheAir (Prevention&Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
4. TheEnvironment(Protection) Act, 1986
5. Environmental ImpactAssessmentNotification
6. TheHazardous Waste(ManagementandHandling) Rules 1989
7. TheBio -Medical Waste(ManagementandHandling) Rules 1988
8. TheMunicipal SolidWaste(ManagementandHandling) Rules 2000
9. TheNoisePollution(Regulation&Control) Rules, 2000
10. TheBatteries (ManagementandHandling) Rules 2001
 Offices of CPCB

17 M embers Governing Board

CPCB HEAD OFFICE, DELHI
ZONAL OFFICES OF CPCB
- Chairm an, CPCB (Full Tim e)
- 5 from Central Governm ent
- 3 from SPCB
- 2 from local authorities
- 3 from filed of agri./fishery/industry or trade
- 2 from com panies or corporation
- Mem ber Secretary, CPCB (Full Tim e)

K AN PU R K O LKATA SHILON G BH O PAL

VADO DARA BAN G LORE
Uttar Pradesh Madhya Gujrat Andhra Pradesh
Bihar Assam
Uttaranchal Pradesh Maharastra Goa
J harkhand Manipur
J ammu &
Orrisa Meghalaya RajasthanUT Daman, Karnataka
Kashmir, Chattisgarh
Diu and Dadra
Kerla
Sikkim Mizoram
Himachal & Nagar Tamilnadu
West BengalNagaland
Pradesh, Haveli UT Lakshadweep
UT AndamanTripura
Punjab, UTPondichary
Nicobar
Haryana
UT Delhi
 CChairman
hairman ExistingOrganogram
Member
Member
Sec
Secretary
retary

Pollution
Pollution Pollution
Infrastruc Pollution
Planning
Planning
Assessment
Assessment Infrastructure
ture CControl
Division Monitoring & Division ontrol
Division Monitoring & Division Implementation
Survey Implementation
SurveyDivision
Division

R&D Laboratory C hemic al

Polic y Haz. Waste
Planning Monitoring Env. Planning
Basic
C oordina
- Noise
tion Assessment Bio-medic al
DG Sets
Noise
MSW Training
Training
Agro-based

Polic y, SSI
C omputer Draughting
A.S. C omputer Draughting
A.S.Sec
Section
tion Sec
Law
Section
tion Sec
Section
tion

Zonal O ffic e Zonal O ffic e Zonal O ffic e Zonal O ffic e Zonal O ffic e Zonal O ffic e
Zonal O ffic e Zonal O ffic e Zonal O ffic e Zonal O ffic e Zonal O ffic e Zonal O ffic e
Luc know Bangalore Vadodara Bhopal Kolkata Shillong
Luc know Bangalore Vadodara Bhopal Kolkata Shillong

Administration
Administration Administration
Administration Administration
Administration Administration
Administration Administration
Administration Financ
Financee&&
Personnel Rec ruitment Materials Estate Public ations, PR Ac c ounts
Personnel Rec ruitment Materials Estate Public ations, PR Ac c ounts
 WATER TREATABILITY
NATIONAL REFERRAL
LABORATORY LABORATORY
TRACE ORGANIC LABORATORY

A ctivities of IFD
L AB
( s.)

- Laboratory m an agem ent

- M onito ring activities
- Laboratory an alysis
- R & D Activ ities CPCB Laboratory, Delhi
- Q uality Assu rance / Q uality
C on trol system
- Strengthenin g of laboratories
- Scientific servicesStoP C B s,
M oEF, etc.
- T raining of Personnel

BIO
AIR SOPHISTICATED
LABORATORY
LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY
 IFD LA
( Bs
)
A IR LA BO RA TO RY
Pa ra m e te rs m o nito re d to sup p o rt a nd infe r
M ETEO RO LO G Y a ir m o nito ring d a ta
A IR TO X IC LA B O rg a nic / Ha za rd o us a ir p o lluta nts

N A M/PWe t C rite ria a ir p o lluta nts m o nito ring w ith m a nua l

A na l sa m p ling apnd
hysic-co he m ic a l a na lysis
Re a l tim e c o ntinuo us
O N LIN E A IR M O N ITO RIN G
a m b ie nt a ir m o nito ring ne two rk
Sta tic inje c tio n fa c ility fo r
C A LIBRA TIO N A N D Q A / Q C
A Q C o f g a se o us p o lluta nts
In-d e p th a na lysis to kno w
PA RTIC ULA TE A N D RA IN
WA TER C HA RA C TERIZA TIO Nthe c o m p o sitio n
So urc e e m issio n m o nito ring fo r
STA C K M O N ITO RINcGo m p lia nc e c o ntro l e ffic ie nc y a nd
o r p o llutio n p o te ntia l e stim a tio n
V EHIC ULA R EM ISSIO N
PUC C a lib ra tio n
M O N ITO RIN G
N O ISE M O N ITO RIN G A m b ie nt no ise

Q UA LITY M A N A G EM EN T SYSTEM
N A BL re la te d a c tivitie s
Domestic Indus trial
8% 20%

Vehicular
72%
Epidemiological study by CNRI on children in Delhi to assess respiratory
health status of 10,000 school children

Alveolar macrophages in sputum

a, Rural control; b, Urban control; c & d, Exposed to vehicular emission
National Ambient Air Quality MonitoringProgramme(NAMP)

Started in 1984 - 7 Station ( Manual Station)

 By 2000 - Increased to 295 Stations (Operated and
Maintained by SPCB /CPCB / Universities,
etc. and funded by CPCB)

By 2009 - Increased to 346 Stations

 Monitoring in Delhi
3 (old) +3 (new) Continuous AQMS
2 Mobile air Laboratories
6 Manual AQMS
1 Integrated Air Quality Monitoring Station being set up
 About 300 continuous stations maintained by industries.
 Parameters Monitored
Criteria Pollutants - SPM, RSPM (PM10), SO2, NOx,
CO, Pb, NH3 (additional parameters
at few locations)
Other Parameters: - PM2.5, O3, BTX, PAHs
Monitoring Techniques
SPM, RSPM (PM 10), PM2.5 – High Volume / Low Volume Sampling followed by
Gravimetric analysis

SO2 – Absorption in TCM and Spectrophotometric determination

NOx – Absorption in NaOH, Na- Arsenite solution followed by Spectrophotometric

determination

Pb + other metals – Particulate Lead AAS analysis after acid digestion

O3 – Both manual and automatic method; VOCs & PAHs -GCMS

CO, SO2, NOx, O3, BTX, -Automatic analyser

 MeasurementMethods of AirPollutants
S. Parameter Method Instrument
No.
1. Determination of Suspended High Volume High Volume
particulate matter (SPM) in Method Sampler
the atmosphere (HVS)
2 Measurement of Respirable Cyclonic flow Respirable Dust
suspended particulate techniques Sampler (RDS)
matter (PM10 in air
3. Determination of Sulphur Modified West and Spectrophotometer
dioxide in air Gaeke Method
4. Determination of Nitrogen Sodium Arsenite Spectrophotometer
dioxide in atmosphere Method
5. Measurement of Carbon In Air by U-V Automatic Analyser
monoxide photometric O3
Analysis
6. Determination of Ozone in Buffered Potassium Spectrophotometer
atmosphere Iodide Method

7. Determination of Hydrocarbon G.C. Method Gas

(HC), Benzene, Toluene and Chromatograph
Xylene (BTX) & PAHs
8. Determination of Heavy AAS Method Atomic Absorption
Metal in atmosphere Spectrophotometer
 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• The complex organic compound have got into use in many diverse
applicationsencompassing all types of human activities.

• While rural environments often have high levels of pesticides and other
residues from sprays of weedicides and other chemicals used in
modernfarming,

•urban environments have high doses of a host of organics coming from paints
& varnishes, lacquers, solvents, foam blowingagents, sprays etc.

•Recent addition of Benzene in petrol, in place of a leadcompound, has made

Benzene and itsderivatives a part of vehicular pollution.Already Benzene
concentrations in high traffic areas and near petrol pumps have become a matter
of concern.

•Unfortunately a majority ofthese compounds are highly toxic and many ofthem
have been reported to the carcinogenic.

•Organic compounds are also reported to bepre-cursers for Ozone formation and
play arole in secondary formation of oxidants.

•As such air pollution monitoring networks are now beginning intensive efforts
for monitoring of specific organic compounds such as Benzene,Toluene &
Xylene (BTX)and often a mixture of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) .
33 URBAN AIR TOXICS IDENTIFIED BY US EPA

acetaldehyde ethylene oxide

acrolein formaldehyde
acrylonitrile hexachlorobenzene
arsenic compounds hydrazine
Benzene lead compounds
beryllium compounds manganese compounds
1, 3-butadiene mercury compounds
cadmium compounds methylene chloride
carbon tetrachloride nickel compounds
chloroform polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
chromium compounds
(PAH)
coke oven emissions quinoline
dioxin 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethane
ethylene dibromide perchloroethylene
propylene dichloride trichloroethylene
1, 3-dichloropropene vinyl chloride
ethylene dichloride --
 METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN AIR PARTICULATE MATTER

PRINCIPLE
This method is designed to collect particulate phase PAHs in ambient air and
fugitive emissions and to determine individual PAH compounds. It is based on
high volume ( ~ 1.2 m3 / min) sampling method capable of detecting sub ng/ m3
concentration of PAH with a total sample volume ~ 480 m3 / of air over a
period of 8 hours with same filter. It Involves collection from air particulate on a
fine particle (glass-fibre) filter using high volume sampler for total suspended
particulate matter (TSPM) or respirable dust sampler for respirable suspended
particulate matter (RSPM or PM10) and subsequent analysis by Capillary Gas
Chromatograph (GC) using Flame Ionization Detector (FID). If sampling period is
extended to 24 hours without changing the filter, it may enhance sample loss
due to volatility or reactions of PAHs on collection media.
 Major PAH Compounds
Acenaphthylene(C10H8) Benzo(b) f luoranthene (C20H12)

Acenaphthene(C10H8) Benzo(k) fluoranthene (C20H12)

Fluorene(C10H8) Coronene (C24H12)

Naphthalene (C10H8) Benzo(e) pyrene (C20H12)

Phenanthrene (C14H10) Benzo(a) pyrene (C20H12)

Anthracene (C14H10) Perylene (C20H12)

Fluoranthene (C16H10) Benzo(ghi) perylene (C22H12)

Pyrene (C16H10) Dibenzo(ah) anthracenes (C22H14)

Chrysene (C18H12) Indeno(cd) pyrene (C22H12)

Benzo(a) anthracene (C18H12)

 ANALYSIS
SAMPLE PRESERVATION
Sample should be wrapped in a aluminum-foil and should be
stored in a refrigerator at 4oC in dark place to avoid photo-
oxidation of PAHs for a period upto two months. However, sample
extracts may be strored in dried form for a longer period

SAMPLE PROCESSING
The filters samples are extracted with Toluene using
ultrasonication & concentrated to 1ml volume .

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

Dilute the extracted residue and make up to 0.5 ml or 1 ml. Inject 1 µl or 2
µl into GC-FID for analysis.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY CONDITIONS

Gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector (FID), a split
injector and capillary column (Phase cross linked 5% phenyl, methyl-
silicone) : 25 meter length, 0.20 mm inner diameter (I.D.), 0.33 µm film
thickness with following GC conditions:
Rotary Vacuum Evaporator
Measurement Method of PAH (ISO, BIS, CPCB, Tyagi, 2004 Method) - Individual PAHS
 CALCULATION

7.1 Calculate the concentration in (ng/µl ) of each identified analyte

in the
sample extract ( Cs ) as follows:

Cs (ng/µl) = (As * Cis ) / ((Ais * RF )

Where
As = Area count of characteristic analyte sample/peak being
measured.
Ais = Area count of characteristic internal standard/peak.
Cis = Concentration of internal Standard.

The concentration in ng/ m3 of each analyte in the air sampled is

given
by:
C = Cs x Ve / Vs
Where
Ve = final volume of extract, µl
METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT
OF BENZENE ,
TOLUENE & XYLENE
(BTX) IN AIR
 Aromates
• Benzene
• Toluene
• Ethylbenzene
• M,P-Xylene
• O-Xylene
• Styrene

Synspec May 2004 2 Component selection 25

Common Monitoring Protocol

Field sampling is critical as far as VOC is concerned 3

established sampling methods are available for field
sampling
• Canister Method
• Tenax Method
• Charcoal Method
Other sampling methods that are followed have
limitations are
• Tedlerbag method
• PUF method
 V a p o r P h a se S a m p lin g Results for
Dichloroethane,
• S o rb e ntut b e Benzene & Toluene
are within a
difference of
• C a n iste r 10%
When sorbent tube
• O n-lin e a ir stre a m & Canister methods
are compared
METHOD ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Passive Very low cost · Very simple Useful for prelim survey only
samplers No dependance on mains In general only provide monthly and
electricity weekly averages
Can be deployed in very large
numbers Slow data throughput
Active Useful for screening, mapping Samplers require laboratory analysis
Samplers Low
and cost
baseline studies
Provide daily average
•Easy to operate •Labour intensive sample collection
•Reliable operation and analysis
•Reliable performance •Laboratory analysis required
•Historical dataset

Automati
Proven
c •High performance Complex
•Hourly data •Expensive
Aanalyse •High skill (Repair & maintenance)
•On-line information
rs requirement
•High recurrent cost
 THE TWO APPROACHES TO MEASUREMENT OF
VOCS IN AIR:
a) Taking the sample:
adsorption on activated charcoal/Tenax-Chromosorb
b) Sample Processing:
solvent extraction(CS2)/ thermal desorption
c) Separation: gas chromatography with capillary columns
Identification & Quantification:
Flame ionisation detector (FID)/Mass spectrometry (MS)

d) PASSIVE / ACTIVE SAMPLING

 PASSIVE SAMPLING

Diffusion Tube for BTX

Sampling
Field Protection Shelter
for Diffusion Tubes
Adsorption on activated charcoal, solvent extraction
 Procedure
• Diffusion tube is exposed for two weeks in the
ambient air.
• After exposure the charcoal of the exposed tube
is transferred in the sample vials and desorbed
using carbon-disulfide(CS2 ).
• Desorption is done employing Ultra-sonic bath
followed by centrifugation.
• Samples are analysed on Gas chromatograph.
 Calculations

C = (M-Mblank) / DE x U t’

Where:
C: concentration of the measured compound in µg/m3
M : determined mass of the measured compound in ng
M blank : weight (ng) of analyte organic vapour on blank tube
DE : desorption efficiency ( 0.98 )
U : uptake rate in l/h at 25°C(benzene 0.387 l/h,
toluene 0.343 l/h)
t’ : sampling duration in hours

Conc. (µg/m3) = Conc. (µg/m3) * 101.3 (273+T)

At (STP) (at ambient condition)
--------------------------------------------------
298 * Pa

Where:
T: Temperature in Kelvin of the ambient air,
Pa: Atmospheric pressure, kPa
 ACTIVE SAMPLING

USING ACTIVATED CHARCOAL TUBES , DESOERBED BY

CARBON-DI SULPHIDE
PRINCIPLE

The charcoal tubes are available in different sizes and contain varying
amount of activated charcoal. The ambient air is sucked through the
tube using a low flow personal sampler in a way that results in an
enrichment of the relevant substances in the activated charcoal.

Desorption of the adsorbed benzene is done using Carbon disulfide

(CS2).

The substances desorbed in the CS2 are analyzed by capillary gas

chromatography.

A flame ionization detector (FID) is used for analysis while

quantification is performed using the internal/ external standard.
 APPARATUS
1 LOW VOLUME PUMP
Intrinsically safe, portable, battery powered pump with a low flow
controller with operating range between 5 to 500 ml/min (+/- 0.2
ml/min).to suck the air sample , low flow pump* capable of accurate &
adjustable flow with time programmable with selectable run time from
15minutes to 8hr, built in flow indicator and rechargeable battery
should be preferred for sampling of BTX.

2 SAMPLING SORBENT (SAMPLE) TUBES

The most extensively used sorbent tubes are 1/4 inch or 6 mm O.D.
glass lined (or fused silica lined) stainless steel tub or stainless steel.
Different suppliers provide different size tubes and packing lengths;
however, 3.5 inch long tubes with a 6 cm of sorbent bed of 200 mg of
activated charcoal (coconut shell) or other suitable adsorbent (Figure-
2.1) are generally used to collect the sample.
Envirotech had made an Organic Vapour Sampler (APM 850) several years
ago. The APM 856 Organic Vapour Sampler has evolved from the
experiences gained and the feedback received from the users of the APM
850 and now provides a system which meets all important requirements for
field measurements of gaseous organic pollutants in ambient air.
Organic Vapour Sampler Envirotech APM 856
SAPMLING ADSORPTION TUBES
 SAMPLING PROCEDURE & SAMPLING RATE
A sample is collected by opening a tube at two ends, connecting it to a
sample pump, and pulling air through the tube with the pump. Airborne
chemicals are trapped onto the surface of the sorbent.

Two tubes are used in series to take care of breakthrough (if any)
compatible to the thermal desorber . The sampling is carried out using
low flow sampler. The sampling train is given in the figure –2.2

Keep the tube in a vertical position during sampling to prevent the

possibility of channeling that can lead to under sampling

The arrow on the tube indicates air flow direction and should point to the
tube holder and pump. If no arrow is present, the smallest section should
be near the tube holder

Sampling flow rate in the range of 20-30ml /min is required (+/- 0.2 ml/min)
for ambient air.
 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

Any suitable gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (FID) with
fused silica capillary columns having a length of 25 meter or more, an
internal diameter of 320 µm or below and with a stationary phase film
thickness less than 1.5 µm as follows or equivalent may be recommended.
Capillary Column 624, Coating: cyanopropyl phenyl polysiloxane Length *
ID: 30m* 0.25 mm , Film thickness (df) : 1.4µm

Calibration
Prepare a mix stock standard solution of 50 µg/µl of benzene, toluene &
xylene each gravimetrically. using a micro syringe in the eluting solvent
i.e. CS2 . Prepare further diluted solutions of concentration range of 10,
1.0, 0.10 µg/µl with CS2 from stock standard in a clean vial. Make up to one
ml solution. Introduce immediately 1µL standard solution into the injector
of GC directly and plot the curve between the concentration & response
(peak area).
ATD
 GC – ATD - MS
Primary ions

CH4 + e- CH4+. + 2e-

CH4+. CH3+ + H.
Electron Ionisation : M + e- M+. + 2e-
 Analytical Procedure
Samples collected through active sampling (sorbent tubes) are
extracted or desorbed by conventional solvent (generally 1-2 ml of
carbon disulfide) using ultrasonication for 15 minutes to remove
analye from the sorbent material . Desorbed samples are analyzed
using gas chromatograph (GC) fitted with capillary column and flame
ionization detector (FID). A single tube may provide enough samples to
permit several analyses.
 400000
y =1E +06x
area Linear (area)
R 2 =0.9999
350000

300000

area (uv.s)
250000

200000

150000

100000

50000

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Amount (ugm)

Calibration Graph of Benzene

4 00 00 0 y =1E +0 6x area Linear (area)
R 2 =0 . 99 99
3 50 00 0

3 00 00 0

2 50 00 0

2 00 00 0

150 00 0

100 00 0

5 0 00 0

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Amount (ugm)

Calibration Graph of Toluene

 CALCULATIONS

Amount of analyte compound found on tube can be converted into µg/m3 by using the formula-

Volume of air (ml) = Sampling rate (ml/min) * Sampling time

(Sucked through the adsorption tube)

Conc. (µg/m3) = Amount of compound found (µg) per µl injection ample

(at ambient condition) * Total volume of the sample extracted (ml) * 103

Vol. of sample extract injected into GC (µl) * Vol. of

Air sucked through the tube (m3)

Blank value is to be subtracted from

the amount of compound found in the sample.
 Fig :1 BENZENE LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR IN DELHI

Residential Area Traffic intersection Petrol Pump

450
428
400 382

350
CONC. IN ug /m3

300
248
250
200
169

150
110 116
100
50
0
August, 1998 Nov-98
 ON-LINE BENZENE ANALYZER

(THE SYNSPEC ALPHA 400 BENZENE ANALYSER)

THE NEW SYNSPEC ALPHA BENZENE IS A VERY SIMPLE BUT PRECISE

FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF BENZENE IN AMBIENT AIR.

Alpha is a compact GC containing all the essential elements:

preconcentration sampling unit, backflush valve, separation column in
special small oven unit and detector. The detector is a PID.
BENZENE ANALYZER
 MEASURING PRINCIPLE:

The gas sample is

concentrated in a TRAP. The
sample is then desorbed
and injected over the valve
into a column and benzene
passes on to the detector.
The system is optimized for
ambient benzene
concentrations.

Alpha is a compact GC
containing all the essential
elements: preconcentration
sampling unit, backflush
valve, separation column
in special small oven unit
and detector. The detector
is a PID.
Chromatograph of MLU Analyser – 19th September 0330 hrs.
 TRENDS OF BTX IN MARCH-APRIL 2001 AT
I.T.O. (BSZ MARG),DELHI

Benzene Toluene m,p-Xylene o-Xylene Ethyl-Benzene

12.00
CONCENTRATION IN V-PPB

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
28-03- 29-03- 30-03- 31-03- Average 01-04-01 02-04-01 03-04-01 04-04-01 Average
01 01 01 01
DATES INMARCH-APRIL 2001
 50.0

47.3
45.0
BENZENE TOLUENE
CONCENTRATION (ug/m3)

40.0

35.0 35.9 35.9

30.0

25.0

20.0
18.6 18.4
15.0 14.8
13.2 13 13.5
10.0
9.6 10.3 10 9.7
7.7 8.5
6.5 7.2 7.1
5.0 5.2 5.1 5.8
3.9
0.0
4

4
04

4
4
4

4
4

4
0

0
-0

-0

-0

-0

-0
-0

-0

-0

t-
r-
-

l-

p
ay

ug
ar
n

ec
b

ov
Ju

c
p

e
Ja

Ju

O
M

D
S
A

N
F

MONTH

Fig.-5:AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF BENZENE AND TOLUENE

DURING -2004
 Maintenance and Calibration
Tips for On-Line VOC Analyzer
Due to its design, the BTX Analyzer requires little
maintenance.
However following regular maintenance must be carried out
for continuous smooth operation of the Analyzer.
• Check or if needed replace the PTFE Sample Inlet dust
Filter at an interval of every week/15-days.
• Check fluid , pressure & Flows parameters using
instruments built-in diagnosis facility at an interval of every
week/15-days
• Check the stability of retention times.
If retention times of the measured compound is out side the
retention time window which is usually +\- 0.5 seconds then
make a reset.
 Calibration:
• Calibration must be carried out regularly to check
the quality of measurements made using the on-line
BTX analyzer. This also make it possible to check
whether or not programming of retention times and
sensitivities is correct.
• Zero and a single point span check calibration
checks can be performed on the analyzer for
complete verification operation on the
characteristics of the analyzer
• linearity,
• detectable limits,
• check of retention times etc
 Expressing
Concentration in ppm

ppm = (mg/m3) x (24.45/MW)

ppm= [(mg/m3)x(24.45/MW)x(760/P)x((T+273)/298)]
 PM 10 & 2.5 CONTINUOUS MONITOR AT BHADUR SHAH
ZAFAR MARG (ITO), NEW DELHI

SIDE VIEW
CPCB
CONTINUOUS
MONITORING
STATION AT
DELHI
COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
,BAWANA,
DELHI
 C ALIBRATION AND AQC

Pioneer lab in India who developed

the ifrastruc tureand extended AQC
fac ilities toSPC Bs, Industries etc .
for gaseous pollutants

Primary C alibrations for all the

online Parameters are being done
here withtrac ablestandard gases
and Field based instruments are
c alibrated subsequently in regular
intervals

C alibrations of all the manual

Instruments are done with different
c alibrators time to time
 ANNUAL TREND : TOTAL POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AMBIENT
AIR IN DELHI (1993-2000)

Year1993 Year1994 Year 1995 Year1996 Year1997 Year 1998 Year 1999 Yea
80

70

60
Conc. in ng. / m 3

50

40

30

20

10

0
Minim um Maxim um Average Monsoon Winter Sum m er
Range ------>
 National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The ambient air quality objectives/standards are pre-requisite for developing

programme for effective management of ambient air quality and to reduce the
damaging effects of air pollution.

The objectives of air quality standards are:

• To indicate the levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of

safety to protect the public health, vegetation and property;
• To assist in establishing priorities for abatement and control of pollutant level;
• To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air quality at national level; and
• To indicate the need and extent of monitoring programme.

The Central Pollution Control Board had adopted first ambient air quality
standards on November 11, 1982 as per section 16 (2) (h) of the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

The air quality standards have been revised by the Central Pollution Control
Board on April 11, 1994. The latest revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards
of CPCB notified as on November 16, 2009 are depicted as follows:
 EXISTING NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)
C on ce n t ra t io n in A m b ien t A ir M e t h od o f M eas u re m e nt
Tim e W e igh t e d
A v e r age I n du st ri R e s ide n t ia l, S e n s it iv e
P o llu t a n t al Area Rural and A rea
ot h e r A r e a s
S u lp h u r D io x ide Annual 80 6 0 µg / m 3 1 5 µg/ m 3 1 . I m pr o v e d W e s t an dG a e k e
(S O2 ) A v e r age * µg/ m 3 M ethod
2 4 H o u rs 120 8 0 µg / m 3 3 0 µg/ m 3 2 . U lt ra v io le t Fluo re s ce n ce
A v e r age * * µg/ m 3
O x ide s o f Annual 80 6 0 µg / m 3 1 5 µg/ m 3 1 . J aco b & H o ch h e ise rm o d ifie d
N it ro gen A v e r age * µg/ m 3 ( N aO H-N a A s O2 ) M e t ho d
a s N O2 2 4 H o u rs 120 8 0 µg / m 3 3 0 µg/ m 3 2 . G a s P h as e Ch e m ilu m in is ce n ce
A v e r age * * µg/ m 3
S u s pe n de d Annual 360 1 4 0 µg / m 3 7 0 µg/ m 3 H ig h V o lu m e S a m p lin g (A v e ra ge
P a rt icu la t e A v e r age * µg/ m 3 flo w ra t e n o t le ss t h a n
M a t t er (S P M ) 2 4 H o u rs 500 2 0 0 µg / m 3 1 0 0 µg / m 3 1 .1 m 3 / m in ut e )
A v e r age * * µg/ m 3
R es pira b le Annual 120 6 0 µg / m 3 5 0 µg/ m 3
P a rt icu la t e A v e r age * µg/ m 3 R e sp ira b le P art icu lat e M a t t er
M a t t er (S ize le ss 2 4 H o u rs 150 1 0 0 µg / m 3 7 5 µg/ m 3 S a m pler
t h a n 1 0µm ) A v e r age * * µg/ m 3
L(Re P
a dM (P
) b) Annual 1 .0 0 .7 5 µg / m 3 0 .5 0 µg / m 3 A A S M e t h o d a ft e r sam plin g u s in g
A v e r age * µg/ m 3 EP M 200 0
24 Hour 1 .5 1 .0 µg/ m 3 0 .7 5 µg / m 3 o r e q u iv a len t filt e r pa p e r
A v e r age * * µg/ m 3
Ca rb on 8 H o u rs 5 .0 2 .0 m g / m3 1 .0 m g/ m3
M o n o x ide ( C O ) A v e r age * * m g / m3 N on d is pe rs iv e I n fr a re d
1 Hour 1 0 .0 m g / 4 .0 m g / m3 2 .0 m g/ m3 S pe ct r o s co py
A v e r age m3
A m m o n ia (N H3 ) Annual 0 .1 m g/ m3 -
A v e r age *
24 Hour 0 .4 m g/ m3
A v e r age * *
 Action Plan for Controlling Air Pollution

So far State Governments of the all the sixteen critically polluted cities as identified
by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India have submitted their action plan for
controlling air Pollution from all the major sources including industrial, vehicular &
domestic sources. The major actions those have been proposed for almost all the
cities are:
1. Industrial Pollution
Shifting of Industries from non- confirming zones, Switching over to clean
technologies, Using clean fuel, Installation of Pollution control Devices
Development of green belt, etc.
2. Vehicular Pollution
Implementation of the emission norms as well as fuel quality in accordance
with the road map proposed by the Auto Fuel Policy, Switching over to
clean alternate fuels like CNG, LPG & Bio-fuels, Augmentation in Public
Transport system ,Better traffic Management, Implementation of fiscal
measures, etc
3. Domestic Pollution
Ban on open burning of garbage, biomass, Augmentation on supply of LPG
as cooking fuel,
 IMPACTS OF INTERVENTIONS ONTHE
AIR POLLUTANTS INDELHI
Carbon Monoxide (CO) levels in Ambient Air
6 4.5

Vehicle Registration in Millions

4
5
3.5
4 3
Values in mg/m3

2.5
3
2
2 1.5
1
1
0.5
0 0
1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Carbon Monoxide Vehicle Population

Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Carbon Monoxide 5.45 4.241 4.686 4.183 3.258 2.831 2.581
Vehicle Population 3 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.1
Dr. S.K.Tyagi
 Methods of Sampling and Analysis of
Metals in Ambient Air
(CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, IRON, LEAD, MANGANESE, NICKEL, COBALT,
ALUMINUM, VANADIUM, AND ZINC)

PRINCIPLE
This method is designed to collect particulate phase Metals in the
ambient air and fugitive emissions and to determine individual metal
. It is based on high volume ( ~ 1.2 m3 / min) sampling method
capable of detecting ng/ m3 concentration of metal with a total
sample volume ~ 480 m3 / of air over a period of 8 hours with same
filter. It Involves collection from air particulate on a fine particle
(glass-fibre) filter using high volume sampler for total suspended
particulate matter (TSPM) or respirable dust sampler for respirable
suspended particulate matter (RSPM or PM10) and subsequent
analysis by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) after the
digestion of samples with concentrated nitric acid & hydrochloric
acid .
 PRINCIPLE

Atomic absorption spectrometer measures absorption of

characteristic radiation by atoms of a particular element to be
determined which are thermally atomized either by flame or by
graphite furnace.
The element which is to be determined is dissolved in a
suitable vehicle (normally an acid)
In case of furnace atomization auto sampler or micro syringe
is used for transforming the sample solution into the furnace.
A hallow cathode lamp of the element to be determined is
used as a source of radiation, which is absorbed by the atoms
produced in flame or furnace of that element and absorption is
directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte
atoms.
 EXHAUST

CHIMNEY

VAPOR VENT

BURNER
ADJUSTER
DRAIN TUBING

BENCH

SMALL NON-GLASS
WASTE VESSEL
 AAS Method for Metals

Digest Filter paper with HNO3:HCl (3:8ml) in 100ml at

80oC for 4 hour or so till the final volume is about 10 ml

Cool and filter the solution in a 100 ml volumetric

flask

Bring the solution up to the 100 ml mark using

distilled water

Analyse the sample using the AAS with relevant

Hollow Cathode
Metals W. L. Detection Limit (ug/lit)

FAAS GFF

As 193.7 100 0.2

Ni 232 4 0.1

Pb 217 10 0.05
 Q1. Calculate Volume of Air Sampled in m3 from following data?
Sampling Period 4 hour
Sampling Rate of LVS 200ml/min
Calculate Vol. of Air Sampled
(m3) =

Q2. Calculate Volume of Air Sampled in m3 & Benzene Conc. In

Ambient Air from following data
Slope (ug/ml) for 1ul inj 4.35712452981368E-

06

Peak Area 5000

Flow Rate of LVS 80 ml/min

Total Sampling Time 4hr
Calculate Tot Vol of Air(m3)

Ambient Temp @45degree C

Calculate Benzene Conc (ug/m3)
@45degree C Ambient condition
Calculate Benzene Conc (ug/m3)
@25degree C Ambient condition
 ANSWERS

Q1. Vol of Air Sampled (m3) =

0.048

Q2. Tot Vol of Air Sampled (m3) =

19.2

Bz Conc (ug/m3) @45degree C =

1.13
Bz Conc (ug/m3) @25degree C =
1.06
 PRESERVE PLANET
EARTH

THROUGH YOUR DEEDS

 Portable Total VOC Sensor/Monitor

The Photovac 2020 PRO uses

photoionization, the technology of
choice for detecting VOCs. The 2020
PRO is equipped standard with a 10.6
eV UV lamp, and has an optional 11.7
eV UV lamp for ionizing chlorinated
compounds.

Operating concentration range is 0.1-

2000 PPM or use the optional dilution
probe to detect up to 20,000 PPM.

The Photovac photoionization detector

is humidity-compensated so you can
rely on the results in PPM range.
 Heated Teflon
Sampling Tube

Voc Sampling Train Voc Sampling Control Module