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Framework
Chapter 2
Conceptual Framework Underlying
Financial Accounting
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1 Describe the usefulness of a conceptual framework.
2 Describe the FASB’s efforts to construct a
conceptual framework.
3 Understand the objectives of financial reporting.
4 Identify the qualitative characteristics of accounting
information.
5 Define the basic elements of financial statements.
Chapter 2
Conceptual Framework Underlying
Financial Accounting
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:
Level 2: Elements of
Qual Financial Statements and
Elements
Charac. Qualitative Characteristics
of Accounting Information
1) that
1) that isis uuseful to those
sefulto those making
making investment
investment and
and
credit decisions
credit decisions whowho reasonably
reasonably understand
understand
business and
business and
2) that
2) that isis useful
usefulto to present
present and
and future
futureinvestors,
investors,
creditors in
creditors assessing future
in assessing future cash
cash flows
flows
3) about
3) economic resources
about economic resources,,thethe claims
claims on
on
those resources
those resources and and changes
changes inin them
them
Qualitative Characteristics of
Accounting Information
• Primary qualities are relevance and
reliability of accounting
information.
• Secondary qualities are
comparability and consistency of
reported information.
Qualitative Characteristics of
Accounting Information: Relevance
Relevance of information means “information
capable of making a difference in a decision
context.” To be relevant:
The information must be timely.
The information should have predictive value: (be
helpful in making predictions about ultimate
outcomes of past, present and future events).
The information should have feedback value
(helps users to confirm prior expectations.)
Primary Characteristic: Reliability
Timeliness
Basic Elements of Financial Statements
Balance Sheet Income Statement
• Assets: Probable future • Comprehensive Income: All
economic benefits resulting changes in equity from non-
from past transactions owner sources
• Liabilities: Probable future • Revenues: Inflows from
sacrifices of economic benefits entity’s ongoing operations
resulting from past transactions • Expenses: Outflows from
• Equity: Residual or ownership entity’s ongoing operations
interest • Gains: Increases in equity from
• Investment by Owners: incidental transactions
Increases in net assets • Losses: Decreases in equity
• Distributions to Owners: from incidental transactions
Decreases in net assets
Recognition and Measurement
Criteria
Basic
Principles Constraints
Assumptions
24
The Full Disclosure Principle
• Financial statements must report what a
reasonable person would need to know to make
an informed decision.
• Disclosure may be made:
within the body of the financial statements,
as notes to those statements, or
as supplementary information.
Constraints
Constraints: The Cost Benefit Rule
Cost-Benefit Relationship
• The cost of providing information should not
outweigh the benefit derived.
• Costs and benefits are not always obvious or
measurable.
• Sound judgment must be used in providing
information.
Constraints: Materiality
Materiality refers to an item’s importance to a
firm’s overall financial operations.
• An item must make a difference to be material and
be disclosed.
• It is a matter of the relative significance of the
element.
• Both quantitative and qualitative factors are to be
considered in determining relative significance.
Constraints: Industry Practices
Industry Practices
• The nature of some industries sometimes
require departures from basic accounting
theory.
• If application of accounting theory results in
statements that are not comparable or
consistent, then industry practices must be
examined for possible explanations.
Constraints: Conservatism
• Conservatism suggests that the preparer,
when in doubt, choose a conservative
solution.
• This solution will be least likely to overstate
assets and income.
• Conservatism does not suggest that net
assets or net income be deliberately
understated.
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