Self Efficacy

 Self Efficacy is ‘I can ’ belief .

 Self Efficacy is defined as people’s beliefs
about their capabilities to produce
designated levels of performance that
exercise influence over events.
 A strong sense of efficacy enhances human
accomplishment and personal well-being.
 Success builds a robust belief in one’s
personal efficacy.
Why self-efficacy is important?

Self-efficacy beliefs influence people’s thought

patterns, emotions and actions (influence
human behavior) (Koul & Rubba, 1999).

Self-efficacy beliefs provide the foundation for

human motivation, well-being, and personal
accomplishment (Pajares, 2002).
Personal Efficacy ( I Can Belief) and
Role Efficacy
 Personal Efficacy is a generalised notion
while self efficacy is a subset and refers to
specific skill sets and competencies.
 Role Efficacy is how confident a person
feels in approaching a role.
 Effects of Efficacy
 Influences the choices people make
 Course of action people pursue
 Determines how much effort people expend
 Influences the amount of stress and anxiety
individuals experience.
 The level of accomplishment they realise.
Strong efficacy beliefs create feeling
of certainty in approaching difficult
tasks.

Weak self efficacy fosters stress ,

depression, and a narrow vision of
how best to solve a problem.
Identify the area of high and
low efficacy in your work
(Professional ) situation
SELF DISCLSOURE
: A KEY TO
INTIMATE (Complete
Acceptance )

RELATIONSHIPS
 Self Disclosure : A Dance
 As per Paul Insel ‘Self Disclosure has
been described as a Dance ’
 Must be reciprocated at a mutually
regulated pace.
 Information about Self

Self Self Disclosure

Description
•High Risk Quality
•Low Risk (ones fears , traumas
Quality ( such as etc.)
age, favourite
food)
 SELF DISCLOSURE AND RECIPROCITY

•Reciprocity is the strongest norm of

disclosure.

•Through reciprocal disclosure , one can

confirm other person’s self concept and
also have one’s self concept confirmed.

•Through reciprocity, we gain information

and reduce uncertainty about the other
person.
 Self Disclosure : A fuel of
Intimate Relationships

 According to Derelega, it plays a

major role in intimate relationships.

 Intimate Relationship implies

unconditional positive regard.
Jourard, founding father of
self disclosure theory and
research :
Primary goal is
maintenance of one’s
mental health.
 Goals of self disclosure
 To gain knowledge about the other person
as well as about oneself.

 Sense of support and confirmation of self

worth.
 Acceptance of one’s ‘true self’.
 People become free, open and trusting of
others.
 Benefits of Self Disclosure

 Increased accuracy in communication

 People need to report both Facts and
feelings.
 Reduction of stress
 Relationships built on ‘less than honesty
are built on sand,’
 Excellent method of repairing a damaged
relationship.
 Risks of disclosure
 High degree of vulnerability.
 ‘True self’ may be rejected.
 Too much or too little disclosure can
damage a relationship (process of
disclosure is confusing and
difficult )
 How much Disclosure is
appropriate ?

UnderDiscloser : OverDiscloser :
Wants to remain Wants someone
in control to take charge of
one’s own life.
Complete
Concealment Complete Openness

Golden Rule : Seek a Balance

 Two Models of Self Awareness
 Social Penetration Model ( Irwin Altman
and Dalmas Taylor )

 Johari Window ( Joseph Luft and Harry

Ingham )
 SOCIAL PENETRATION MODELS

Your ‘Self’ with all its various dimensions. The pies represent
the breadth of your ‘self’ , and the rings represent the depth.
 SOCIAL PENETRATION MODELS

An intimate relationship. Disclosure is complete. The inner

most circle is an individual’s sense of self or the real self . It is
disclosed in an intimate relationship.
JOHARI WINDOW (Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham)
Known to self Not known to self
to Other

OPEN
Known

BLIND

HIDDEN UNKNOWN
to Other
Known
Not
 HOW DISCLOSURE HELPS ….
SELF DISCLOSURE

Awareness of self and

Awareness of others

Higher Self
Acceptance

LAYS THE FOUNDATION FOR HONEST RELATIONSHIPS

Inter Personal Relationship
 A state of Relatedness or
Connectedness between people
( especially an emotional
connection )
Inter Personal Relationship
helps to ….

 To gain better understanding of one’s

self.
 To broaden and sharpen one’s
sensitivity to the feelings of others.
 To create a conducive working
environment.
 RELATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT

IN
TE
CO R
M PE
M R
UN SO
IC NA
AT L
IO
N
 Stages of interpersonal
Relationships
 Relationships go through distinct stages.
 Interpersonal communication is used to
move a relationship forward.
 Often a change in the relationship is
marked by ‘Turning points.
(Specific events that signify or signal a
change in the stage of the relationship)
 Turning points often trigger a discussion
among the partners about the nature of
relationship.
 Model of relationship development
(Escalation)
Stage Features
Pre- -Passive Strategy
Interaction Acquiring knowledge about
Awareness others
(silent
Examination)
Initiation - Presenting a ‘public self’ to
stage the other person.
Exploration -Information shared is
relatively more indepth.
Intensification Beginning of dependence
stage on other for self-
confirmation.
Intimacy stage Partners seek confirmation
and acceptance of one’s
self-concept
 Relational De-escalation
Turmoil/ Mutual Acceptance declines
Stagnation
De- Decrease the dependence on
intensificati the other for self-confirmation.
on stage
 Relational De-escalation

Individualiza Get to terms with reality

tion Stage
Separation Intentional decision to
Stage eliminate further interaction.
 Relational De-escalation

Post- Efforts may be needed to

Interaction rejuvenate one’s sense of
self.
 Escalating Relationship
As relationship escalates

We become more trusting

Disclosure increase

Relationship becomes
Intimate ( Complete Acceptance )
 Maintaining Relationships
-As per researcher Steve Duck, the best
tool to sustain a relationship is TALK.

- Able to verify and confirm their

CONNECTEDNESS.
 Relational De-escalation

- Reduction in intimacy.
- Reduction in self-disclosure.
- Relationship may descend through
various stages before reaching
termination.
- Termination is not inherently bad.
The primary goal of self disclosure is to
build strong and healthy interpersonal
relations.