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DRY-DOCKING

Sequence of events:

* Ship enters dock trimmed by the stern.


* Water pumped out of dock until ship touches blocks aft
(start of critical period).
* As water is pumped out further the true mean draught
starts to reduce as the aft draught reduces more quickly
than the forward draught increases (i.e. the ship starts to
change trim by the head).
* The upthrust at the keel (P) increases to gradually replace
the upthrust due to buoyancy force at the centre of
buoyancy (caused by the reducing volume of water
displaced).
* Eventually the ship touches the blocks forward and aft (end
of critical period). The ship has now experienced it’s
maximum change of trim.
* Water continues to be pumped from the dock and the
draught reduces at the same rate forward and aft. The
upthrust (P) is now distributed along the length of the ship
and continues to increase as the buoyancy force reduces.
* When the dock is empty upthrust P equals the ship’s
displacement having replaced all the upthrust due to
buoyancy force.

Consider the following diagrams.

Dry Docking (MAR) 1


1. Ship trimmed by stern.

2. Touches aft (start of critical period and stability loss).


P

3. True mean draught reduces. Ship changes trim by the head


and P increases as Bf reduces, stability loss increases. B
moves forward.
P

B1

Dry Docking (MAR) 2


4. Ship touches forward and aft. Greatest loss of stability of
concern (ship flat on blocks). End of critical period.
P

B2

5. Draught reduces at the same rate forward and aft. Upthrust


P increases as Bf decreases.
P

6. Dock empty. Upthrust P distributed across all the blocks.


P

Dry Docking (MAR) 3


Calculation of upthrust P

(At any stage in the docking procedure.)

Throughout the docking procedure the true mean draught reduces


all the time having the same effect as if the ship were ‘rising out
of the water’ due to weights being discharged.

Consider the formula: Rise (cm) = w


TPC

The force P may be considered to be a weight discharged.

Therefore: Rise (cm) = P


TPC

or: P (tonnes) = Reduction of true mean draught × TPC

This may be used at any stage in the docking procedure.

Dry Docking (MAR) 4


Calculation of upthrust P

(During the critical period)

In between the time the ship touches the blocks aft and touches
forward and aft the ship undergoes a change of trim.

The change of trim at any stage during the critical period may be
considered to be the same as that change of trim that would have
occurred had a weight ‘w’ been discharged at the aft perpendicular
equivalent to the upthrust P in tonnes.

Consider the formula: COT (cm) = w × d


MCTC

The force P may be considered to be a weight discharged to cause


the change of trim.

Therefore: COT (cm) = P × d


MCTC

or: P (tonnes) = COT × MCTC


Distance LCF to AP

This may be used only during the critical period.

Dry Docking (MAR) 5


The loss of stability
Loss of stability arises during the critical period and varies
directly with the value of P. Maximum loss of GM of concern
occurs the instant the ship touches the blocks forward and aft.
Two methods of calculation may be considered.

Method 1: Loss of GM as a result of a rise in G


Consider the movement of G that will occur if a weight ‘w’ is
discharged from the keel.
M

GV

d
w

K
G will move directly away from the centre of gravity of the
discharged weight (which was at K) to GV.

Loss of GM = GGV where: GGV = w × d


W-w
where ‘d’ is the distance between the the centre of gravity of the
ship (G) and the centre of gravity of the discharged weight (in this
case K).

Therefore: d = Initial KG
Dry Docking (MAR) 6
The upthrust P acting at the keel during the critical period will
have exactly the same effect as if a weight equal to P had been
discharged from the keel. Consider a ship during the critical
period being slightly inclined by an external force.
P (W-P)
M

Z1 G Z

B1

The forces acting are as follows:


W: the total weight force acing downward through G;
(W-P): the force of buoyancy that is remaining (True Mean
Draught has reduced).
P: The upthrust acting at the keel aft.

Dry Docking (MAR) 7


P (W-P)
M

Z1 G Z

B1

W
[(W-P) × GZ] gives a righting moment.
[P × GZ1] gives a capsizing moment.
Therefore:
Available righting moment = [(W-P) × GZ] - [P × GZ1]

If P is considered as a weight discharged from the keel then


according to:

GGV = w × d Loss of GM = P × KG
W-w W-P

Dry Docking (MAR) 8


Method 2: Loss of GM as a result of a fall of M
The total weight force acting down through G is supported by the
forces (P) and (W-P). The resultant of these two upward acting
forces acts through M1 such that:

P × x = (W-P) × y

MM1 represents the resulting fall of the transverse metacentre.

P (W-P)
M

M1 y
x

G
G
B1

Consider the two similar triangles.

Dry Docking (MAR) 9


P (W-P)
M

M1 y
x

B1

Sine  = y  W y = Sine  MM1


MM1

also: Sine  = x  x = Sine  KM1


KM1

 (W-P) × Sine  × MM1 = P × Sine  × KM1;

divide both by Sine ;

(W-P) × MM1 = P × KM1;

expanding this;
Dry Docking (MAR) 10
 (W × MM1) - (P × MM1) = P × KM1

 (W × MM1) = (P × KM1) + (P × MM1)

 (W × MM1) = P × (KM1 + MM1)

 (W × MM1) = P × Initial KM

 MM1 = P × KM
W

where MM1 is the loss of GM.

Note
The KM in the formula is that which is appropriate to the
waterline for the time that the loss of GM is being calculated
for. It is found by entering the hydrostatic data with either the
true mean draught or the effective displacement (W-P).

Dry Docking (MAR) 11

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