WIRELESS COMMUNIATION

PRESENTED BY:
AMIT KUMAR
ROLL NO- 13
A6801
REG NO-10803058
Need to be wireless….where wire-line is limited
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Anytime, Anywhere, Anything

Recent and Future Wireless Communications
SystemsRecent Systems
 What is GSM ?

Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a

second generation cellular standard
developed to cater voice services and
data delivery using digital modulation
 GSM: History
• Developed by Group Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an
initiative of CEPT ( Conference of European Post and
Telecommunication )
• Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
• Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards
Institute )
• Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
• Under ETSI, GSM is named as “ Global System for Mobile
communication “
• Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
• More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in
India.
 GSM System Architecture PSTN
ISDN
PDN
BSC
MS BTS
MSC

GMSC

BTS BSC

VLR
MS

BTS EIR
AUC
MS HLR
 GSM System Architecture-I
• Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Equipment

• Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device

• Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
• Voice and data transmission
• Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells
for optimum handover
• Power level : 0.8W – 20 W
• 160 character long SMS.
 System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS) contd.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

• Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI)
• Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other
subscribed services
• Encoded network identification details
- Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms
• Protected by a password or PIN
• Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key
information to activate the phone
 System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that

communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing
operation between components made by different suppliers

1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
 System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

• Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes,modulates and feeds the

RF signals to the antenna.
Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
• Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
 System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

• Manages Radio resources for BTS

• Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in its area
• Handles call set up
• Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality
• Handover for each MS
• Radio Power control
• It communicates with MSC and BTS
 System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

• Heart of the network

• Manages communication between GSM and other networks
• Call setup function and basic switching
• Call routing
• Billing information and collection
• Mobility management
- Registration
- Location Updating
- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
• MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other
network by using HLR/VLR.
 System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem
• Home Location Registers (HLR)

- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service

area(generally one per GSM network operator)
- database contains IMSI,MSISDN,prepaid/postpaid,roaming
restrictions,supplementary services.

• Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

- Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area,

by HLR database
- Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
- Reduces number of queries to HLR
- Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location
Area,authentication key
 System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem
• Authentication Center (AUC)
- Protects against intruders in air interface
- Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and provides
security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)
- Generally associated with HLR

• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

- Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI
(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
- Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black
List and the Gray List
- Only one EIR per PLMN
 Call Routing
• Mobile startup
• Call Originating from MS
• Call termination to MS
 GSM uses paired radio channels

INK
UPL

LI NK
WN
DO

890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz

0 124 0 124
 CELLULAR PHONE SWITCHED ON
• It first scans the group of forward control
channels, to determine the one with the
strongest signal and than monitors the control
channel until the signal drops below a efficient
level.
• In this case it again scan for control channel
with strong base station signal
• 5% are control channels and rest 95% are for
voice and data channels.
 INCOMING CALL

• MSC dispatches the request to all base stations in the cellular

system.
• MIN(subscriber’s telephone number),is broadcasted as a paging
message over all forward control channels.
• The mobile receives the paging message and responds by
identifying itself over the reverse control channel.
• The base station relays the acknowledgement sent by mobile and
informs MSC of handshake.
• MSC instructs the Base Station to move the call in unused voice
channel within the cell.
• Base Station signals the mobile to change frequency to unused
forward and reverse voice channels
• At this point another data message(alert) is
transmitted over the forward voice channel to
instruct the mobile telephone to ring.
 OUTGOING CALL

• A call initiation request is sent on the reverse

control channel.
• This includes MIN,ESN,and the telephone no.
of the called party
• Also includes SCM(Station Class
Mark),maximum transmitter power level of
the user.
• BTS forward the request to MSC.
 Handoff Strategies
• When a mobile moves into a different cell while a
conversation is in
progress, the MSC automatically transfers the call to a
new channel
belonging to the new base station.
• Handoff operation
– identifying a new base station
– re-allocating the voice and control channels with the
new base station.
• MSC validates the request, make connection
to the called party through PSTN.
• Instructs the BTS and mobile user to move to
an unused forward and reverse voice channel
to begin conversation.
• Case for roamers(FCC renewed for
unregistered ,HLR-billing status, VLR)
Sectoring

• Decrease the co-channel

interference and keep the cell
radius R
unchanged
– Replacing single omni-
directional antenna by several
directional antennas
– Radiating within a specified
sector
 An illustration of a cellular system.
The Towers represents the Base Stations which provides the radio access between mobile users and the Mobile Switching
Center(MSC)
The Cellular Concept
Frequency Reuse
 Future Of GSM
 2nd Generation
 GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)

 2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)

HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
 Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
GPRS (General Packet Radio service)
 Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
 Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
 3 Generation
WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)
 Data rate : 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps
 THANK YOU

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