|




  
 
 


 |  

 ÷



 "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the
Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery.
If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I
would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the
slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing
some and leaving others alone I would also do that.
What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do
because I believe it helps to save the Union; and
what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it
would help to save the Union. I shall do less
whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the
cause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believe
doing more will help the cause."
ë ÷

 

 Greserve the Union

± Everything else secondary
± Especially concerned about the border
states
± Call for 75,000 volunteers
± Black volunteers rejected
ëë 











 -ate of Union tied to issue of slavery
 -ate of slavery tied to the outcome of
war
 Black people understood before
northerners
‡ O
O
newspaper
‡ New York, Ghiladelphia, Boston
‡ Black men offered their services
ëëë 

 








 No coherent policy to deal with

 Union military commanders
± More concern for slave owner¶s interests
·



 åeneral Benjamin Butler

± -ortress Monroe, May 1861
± Refused to return three runaway slaves
± ³Contraband´
‡ Enemy property
‡ -irst Confiscation Act, August 1861
‡ John C. -remont
‡ åeneral David Hunter
 ÷

ë
   

 Reluctant to move against slavery,

1861
± Border state loyalty
± Supported compensated emancipation-
colonization
± Wanted to end slavery in border states,
April 1862
± Warned border states to accept
compensation or risk getting nothing, July
1862
÷



!
 " 

 ÿictory and Union tied to slavery issue
± ³Strike at the heart of the rebellion´
± Tells his cabinet, summer 1862
± William Seward warns Lincoln to wait
± Montgomery Blair feared fall elections
÷

#
!
 " 

 Waited for a victory on the battlefield

± Northern defeats, spring and summer 1862
± The Geninsula Campaign
± Seven Gines
± Seven Days¶
± Second Battle of Bull Run
 Antietam
± Justification for announcing emancipation

"



$ 

 Would not retreat from colonization

± Liberia
± Haiti
± Black people not interested
ë 
 
!
 " 

 White southerners ridiculed it

 Many white northerners had little
enthusiasm
± Antiblack riots
± Northern Democrats almost all opposed
‡ Denounced Lincoln and Republicans
 Most black people gratified
 !
 " 
 

 Limited to areas still in rebellion

 Did not include border states
 Changes war goals
± Greserve the Union
± Make people free
!
 


%
%

 Ended chance of foreign recognition

 Encouraged
± Slaves to flee
± Slaves to resist
ë 


& '%%



 Emancipation Groclamation
± Authorized black men to enlist
± Union defeats and the need for manpower
± Thomas Wentworth Higginson
± Robert åould Shaw



& '%%


(


 Discrimination and hostility
± Segregated units
‡ White officers
± Often held racist beliefs
± Lower pay scale
‡ White privates $13/month
‡ Black privates $10/month



& '%%


(


 Combat
± Suffered disproportionately more casualties
± Battery Wagner
‡ William H. Carney
± Olustee
± The Crater
ëë 




 



 Enraged
± Refused to recognize black men as
soldiers
‡ Treat as rebellious slaves
‡ åeneral Order Number 11
± -ort Gillow Massacre
‡ Union response
‡ Union commanders angry
ëëë 



%


) 
 Tradition of serving in the U.S. Navy,
1790s
± Integrated
± Early 19th century many black sailors
‡ Attempts to ban them from the navy
ë ÷ 
*"
*
+ 


 Black men and women

± Robert Smalls
± Harriet Tubman
± Mary Elizabeth Bowser
± John Henry Woodson
  

,""  


"

 New York City Draft Riot, July 1863

± Draft
± Irish men angry
‡ Black men had replaced Irish stevedores, June 1863
‡ Rich white northerners could purchase an exemption
‡ Riot lasted four days
± Colored Orphan Asylum
± Churches
± Republican and abolitionists houses destroyed
 

,""  


"
(


 Union troops and slaves
± Often treated slaves horribly
‡ Rapes and assaults were not uncommon
± Others found compassion for enslaved
people
‡ ³I have no heart in this war if the slaves cannot
be made free,´ a Union soldier wrote.
ë 
'

 Thousands of black people escaped

bondage
± Some followed Union armies
± Others struck out on their own
‡ -aced re-enslavement or execution if caught
ëë 
"


%




 Confederacy based on defense of
slavery
 Benefited from the labors of bonds
people
± Toiled in fields
± Worked in factories
± Germitted more white men to serve in
military

"


%



(


 Impressment of black people
± Military demands for manpower
‡ Slave owners contributed slave labor
± Built fortifications
‡ åovernment first asked then compelled
± Registration and enrollment of free black people military
labor

 ³Twenty nigger law´

± Exempted men who owned twenty slaves from
draft

"


%



(


 Confederates enslave free black people
± Davis counter proclamation
‡ ³All free negroes . . . shall be placed on the
slave status and be deemed to be chattels. . .
forever.´
‡ Ordered Confederate armies to capture free
black people in the North and enslave them.
± Robert E. Lee, Gennsylvania 1863






± -ree black people volunteered

services
‡ Show loyalty and gain white acceptance
‡ Re-enslavement concerns
‡ Southern leaders generally ignored
offers unless for menial labor




(


 Small number of black men fight for

CSA
± Some black civilians profit if South wins
‡ John Wilson Buckner
‡ William Ellison
!
 


 åeneral Gatrick Cleburne recommends,
early 1864
± Gresident Davis cease and desist order
± Most southerners considered arming slaves
appalling
± Defied southern assumptions
‡ ³If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of
slavery is wrong.´--Howell Cobb
 March 1865 Confederate Congress voted to enlist
300,000
‡ Receive same pay as white soldiers
‡ Slaves freed only with consent of owners and state
agreed
ëëë 
 

 185,000 black soldiers and sailors served in
the Union military
± Most had been former slaves
± Almost 40,000 died in combat or of disease
during the war
 Abraham Lincoln and the shift in public
attitudes
± White man¶s war
± Colonization
± Enlistment
± Appreciation