Introduction To Hibernate

Presented by
Ryan Bohn and John Stein
Versatile, Inc.

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 Agenda

• The problem with programming to relational databases

• The problem with EJB2 persistence
• What is Hibernate and how does it solve these problems?
• Where to get Hibernate
• Hibernate ORM
– Ways To Map:
• XML Mappings
• Annotations
– Types of mappings:
• basic - one-to-many / many-to-one / many-to-many/ one-to-one

From the data center to users on the move, Versatile turns data into knowledge.

(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Agenda (continued)

• Hibernate basics
– The Session
– Operations:
• load, save, delete
• Hibernate queries
– HQL
– Criteria queries
– Query by example
– Native queries
• Hibernate and Transactions
• Lazy loading
• Alternatives to Hibernate
• Q&A

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Problem Programming to Relational DBs

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 What do relational DBs do well?

• Work with large amounts of data

– Searching, sorting
• Work with sets of data
– Joining, aggregating
• Sharing
– Concurrency (Transactions)
– Many applications
• Integrity
– Constraints
– Transaction isolation

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 What do relational DBs do badly?

• Modeling
– No polymorphism / inheritance
– No support for automatic conversion to objects
• Business logic
– There’s stored procedures, but:
• Very database specific
• Very coupled with the data, really belongs in the
application domain
• Transaction
– No concept of application level transactions

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Problem with EJB

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 EJB the answer?

• EJB spec tried to bridge the gap between

programming and interacting with relational
dbs
• EJB provides:
– Basic persistence (CMP)
– Method-level transaction management
– Automatic management of associations
– EJBQL provides a very basic object query language

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 Problems with EJB

• Noisy Programming model

– Inheritance from javax.ejb
– Interface / Implementation required but do we really need
interfaces of our entity beans
– Complex deployment descriptors
– Weird combo of checked / unchecked exceptions
• No Polymorphism
• Can’t Test Outside Container
– For example, in JUnit
– Why not?
• Home is an interface
• Relationships/instantiation done by container

From the data center to users on the move, Versatile turns data into knowledge.

(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Problems with EJB (continued)

• EJBQL too limited – none of:

– Aggregation/projection for reporting
– Outer-join fetching
– Pagination
– Dynamic queries

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 The Hibernate Solution

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 The Hibernate Solution

• Hibernate is a persistence framework aimed at

solving the shortcomings presented by EJB2.
• Persistence classes (entities) are POJOs
– Easy to write and refactor
– Can be serialized
– Can execute outside of the container (JUnit)
– Eg.
public class Book {
private Author author;
public Author getAuthor()…
public void setAuthor(….
}

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 The Hibernate Solution (cont.)

• POJO programming model

– Persistent properties are not abstract
– Can instantiate POJOS using new()
– Detached from persistence layer
• No Home Interface
– Generic Session interface is provided for persistence
operations
– May write own DAO
• No method-level transactions for entities
– Rather emphasize transactions at the business level

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 The Hibernate Solution (cont.)

• Truly object-oriented
– Polymorphic associations and queries
– Three inheritance mapping strategies

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 Where to get Hibernate

• http://www.hibernate.org
– Download Jar
– Source code
– Javadoc
– Reference documentation
– Support forums
• Requirements
– JDK 1.4 or later
– Ehcache, commons logging, commons collections, asm,
dom4j, antlr, cglib

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Hibernate ORM

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 Hibernate ORM

• ORM = Object Relational Mapping: way of telling

the container (Hibernate) how to map tables and
columns to entity beans
– Eg.
AUCTION_ITEM
public class AuctionItem {
private Long id;
ITEM_ID int8
private String description;
DESC varchar(100)
private Set bids;
BID }
BID_ID int8
ITEM_ID int8
AMT int4

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 Hibernate ORM with XML

• Hibernate supports mappings via XML:

<class name=“AuctionItem” table=“AUCTION_ITEM”>
<id name=“id” column=“ITEM_ID”>
<generator class=“native”/>
</id>
<property name=“description” column=“DESCR”/>
<set name=“bids”
cascade=“all”
lazy=“true”>
<key column=“ITEM_ID”/>
<one-to-many class=“Bid”/>
</set>
</class>

XML is yucky!

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Hibernate ORM with EJB3 annotations

• Hibernate 3 supports ORM via annotations.

Advantages are:
– Compatible with EJB3
– Keeps mapping with the entity
– No XML sit-ups
• Disadvantage:
– Java 5 required

• So what does AuctionItem look like in the annotated

version

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 Hibernate ORM with Annotations

@Entity
@Table(name = “AUCTION_ITEM”)
public class AuctionItem {
private Long id;
private String description;
private Set<Bid> bids;

@Id
@Column(name = “ITEM_ID”, nullable = false)
public Long getId() {…}

@Column(name = “DESC”, nullable = false)

public String getDescription {…}

@OneToMany(mappedBy = “item”)
public Set<Bid> getBids {…}
}

Example

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 Available Annotations

• @Entity – tells Hibernate Persist Me!

• @Table – basic table info such as name
• @Id – Marks the getter as primary key, by default
uses databases native id generator (auto-increment,
sequences, etc.)
• @Column – generic information about the column
(name, allows null, length, etc.)
• @OneToOne – maps a one-to-one relationship
between 2 tables
• @OneToMany / @ManyToOne
• @ManyToMany – association table

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Available Annotations

• @Inheritence
– Three strategies
• Table per class
• Table per class hierarchy
• Joined subclass

• Many more annotations!

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Basic Persistence Operations

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 Basic Persistence Operations

• All persistence operations are done through

org.hibernate.Session , which is retrieved through a
SessionFactory

• Loading an object by its id

long itemId = 500;
Session session =
sessionFactory.openSession();
AuctionItem item =
(AuctionItem) session.get(AuctionItem.class,
itemId);

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Basic Persistence Operations

• Creating a new row in the database

AuctionItem item = new AuctionItem();
item.setDescription(“Antique Chair”);
session.save(item)
• Updating a row
item.setDescription(“Old Chair”);
session.update(item); // not always
necessary
• For fun, let’s see equivalent operations in JDBC

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 JDBC get
Connection conn =
DriverManager.getConnection(…)
String sql = “SELECT * FROM auction”;
stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery();
while (rs.next) {
Auction auction = new Auction();
auction.setName(rs.getString(“name”));
.
.
.
}

// we did not even cover getting

// the associated entities!!!
example

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Querying objects in Hibernate

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 Hibernate Querying

• Hibernate several ways to query for objects

– HQL – Hibernate Query Language
– Criteria Queries
– Query by Example
– Native SQL Queries

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 Hibernate Query Language

• Make SQL be object oriented

– Classes and properties instead of tables and columns
– Polymorphism
– Associations
– Much less verbose than SQL
• Full support for relational operations
– Inner/outer/full joins, cartesian products
– Projection
– Aggregation (max, avg) and grouping
– Ordering
– Subqueries
– SQL function calls

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Hibernate Query Language

Simplest HQL Query:

from AuctionItem

i.e. get all the AuctionItems:

List allAuctions = session.createQuery(“from

AuctionItem”)
.list();

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 Hibernate Query Language

More realistic example:

select item
from AuctionItem item
join item.bids bid
where item.description like :desc
and bid.amount > 100

:desc is a named parameter

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 Hibernate Query Language

Projection:

select item.description,
bid.amount
from AuctionItem item
join item.bids bid
where bid.amount > 100
order by bid.amount desc

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 Hibernate Query Language

Aggregation:

select max(bid.amount), count(bid)

from AuctionItem item
left join item.bids bid
group by item.type
order by max(bid.amount)

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 Criteria Queries

Criteria queries provide:

- way of generating queries through method calls
- suited well for dynamic queries
- extensible

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 Criteria Queries

List auctionItems =
session.createCriteria(AuctionItem.class)
.setFetchMode(“bids”, FetchMode.EAGER)
.add( Expression.like(“description”, description)
)
.createCriteria(“successfulBid”)
.add( Expression.gt(“amount”, minAmount) )
.list();

Equivalent HQL:

from AuctionItem item

left join fetch item.bids
where item.description like :description
and item.successfulbid.amount > :minAmount

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Hibernate Querying

• Query By Example:
AuctionItem item = new AuctionItem();
item.setDescription(“hib”);
Bid bid = new Bid();
bid.setAmount(1.0);
List auctionItems =
session.createCriteria(AuctionItem.class)

.add( Example.create(item).enableLike(MatchM
ode.START) )
.createCriteria(“bids”)
.add( Example.create(bid) )
.list();
EXAMPLE

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Transactions in Hibernate

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 Hibernate Transactions
• Like other operations, transactions are performed using the Session object. Here’s an
example:

Session session = sf.openSession();

Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();

try {
AuctionItem item =
(AuctionItem) session.get(ActionItem.class, itemId);
bid.setItem(item);
item.getBids().add(bid);
tx.commit();
} catch (Exception e) {
tx.rollback();
throw e;
} finally {
session.close();
}

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Hibernate Transactions

• Some advice - Wrap all write operations in a transaction.

Otherwise, calling a setter could automatically go back to the
database

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Lazy Loading

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 Lazy Loading

• By default all one-to-many associations don’t get

fetched immediately. For example, load an
AuctionItem, but it doesn’t load bids until the first
call
• Accomplished with dynamic proxies using CGLIB
• Can change by setting fetchmode on a column
mapping
• Be wary of this if passing object to view after session
has been closed

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Alternatives to Hibernate

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 Alternatives to Hibernate

• Oracle Toplink
• Ibatis
• JDO
• Many more

• EJB3 – not really, most likely Hibernate will be an

implementation of EJB3 persistence
– JBOSS does this today!

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.

 Q&A

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(c) Versatile Systems, Inc.