VOLTAGE STABILITY ENHANCEMENT USING STATCOM

Power Transmission Limit Capability Of Power System Depends On Three Factors 1. Thermal Limit 2. Voltage Stability 3. Power Angle Stability

Transmission line thermal limit - 1

The thermal limit of an overhead transmission line is reached when the electric current flow heats the conductor material up to a temperature above which the conductor material gradually loses mechanical strength and sags due to conductor expansion, thus clearance to ground is decreased. The maximum allowed continuous conductor temperature varies from 50 °C to 100 °C

Transmission line thermal limit - 2

The thermal limit of an over head transmission line is dependent on wind speed and temperature

Transmission line voltage stability limit - 1

‡ Voltage stability is the ability of the system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all buses in the system under normal conditions and after being subjected to the disturbance. ‡ Instability occurs in the form of a progressive fall or rise of voltages in some busses. ‡ Voltage stability sets a limit for power transfer between different areas (not single lines)

Transmission line voltage stability limit - 2

The relationship between transferred power and the voltage can be illustrated by so called nose curve

Transmission line voltage stability limit - 3

The phase angle between receiving end voltage and current has an impact of transfer capacity:

Transmission line rotor angle stability limit - 1

‡ Rotor angle stability is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines to remain in synchronism. ‡ Rotor angel instability can be viewed as two masses (=machines) on the same shaft (transmission line) that oscillates against each other. ‡ There is then a limit how large these oscillations can be until the shaft breaks.

Transmission line rotor angle stability limit - 2

‡ Mathematical representation: ‡ U = end voltage ‡ X = reactance ‡ = volt. Angle difference

FACTS Devices
They Are Two Types: 1 Thyristor Valve Control Eg: SVC,TCSC,DFC 2 VSC Control Eg: STATCOM,SSSC,UPFC/IPFC HVDC VSC

Basic Application Of FACTS Devices 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. For Power Flow Control To Increase Transmission Capacity For Voltage Control For Reactive Power Compension For Stability Improvement To Power Quality Improvement

STATCOM

The STATCOM principle diagram: (a) a power circuit; (b) an equivalent circuit; and (c) a power exchange.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF STATCOM

A STATCOM provides the desired reactive-power generation and absorption entirely by means of electronic processing of the voltage and current waveforms in a voltage-source converter. That is, if the amplitude of the output voltage is increased above that of the utility bus voltage, Et, then a current flows through the reactance from the converter to the ac system and the converter generates capacitive-reactive power for the ac system. If the amplitude of the output voltage is decreased below the utility bus voltage, then the current flows from the ac system to the converter and the converter absorbs inductive-reactive power from the ac system. If the output voltage equals the ac system voltage, the reactive-power exchange becomes zero, in which case the STATCOM is said to be in a floating state.

Typical STATCOM applications:

1. Utilities with weak grid knots or fluctuating reactive loads 2. Arc furnaces 3. Wind farms 4. Wood chippers 5. Welding operations 6. Car crushers & shredders 7. Industrial mills 8. Mining shovels & hoists 9. Harbor cranes

Circuit Implementation Without Statcom

Voltage magnitude and phase

Circuit Implementation With Statcom

Voltage and current waveform