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Physical method
Positively charged
particles in the nucleus
Electron
Nucleus
Proton
Neutron
Atomic Number, Mass Number
and Isotopes
All atom can be identified by the number of protons and neutron they contain
Isotopes
Molecule and Ion
Loosing electron Accepting electron
Example Example
Average Atomic Mass
6 Atomic Number
C
12.01 Atomic Mass
Example
The atomic masses of copper of its two stable isotopes are as below:
63 65
29 Cu (69.09 %) 29 Cu (30.91 %)
62.93 amu 64.9278 amu
Answer
Where…
1 mole carbon-12 atom = 6.0221367 X 1023 carbon-12 atom
Example
4.003 g He 1 mole He
1 g He 0.2498 mole He
6.46 g He (0.2498) X (6.46)
= 1.61 mol He
Example
32.07 g 1 mol
16.3g [(1/32.07) X (16.3)]
= 0.5082 mol
Example
= 18.02 amu
Percent Composition of Compounds
Mass spectrometer
n X molar mass of element
Molar mass of compound X 100 %
Procedure for calculating the empirical formular of
a compound from it’s percent composition
Empirical
Formular
Example
Atomic mass
%P= 30.97 g P
X 100 % = 31.61 %
97.99 g H2PO4
X 100 % = 65.31 %
% O = 4 (16.00 g) O
97.99 g H2PO4
Example
Cu = 63.55
Fe = 55.85
S = 32.07
Answer
Cu = 63.55 g
Therefore
= 63.55 g X 100%
183.5 g
= 34.63%
Therefore
Benzene
Empirical Formula : CH
Molecular Formula : C6 H 6
Structural Formula :
Example
Answer
N = 14.01 g
O = 16.00 g
Answer
14.01 g N 1 mole of N
1.00 g N [(1/14.01)]
= 0.07 mole of N
Therefore
16.00 g O 1 mole of O
1gO (1/16.00)
= 0.06 mole of O
Therefore
NO2
= 14.01 g + [2(16.00)]
= 46.01 g
Molar mass = 90 g
Empirical molar mass 46.01 g
=2
[(+2) + (-1)] = +1
The cation is Al3+ and oxygen anion O2- . The following diagram helps
to determine the subscript for the compound formed by the cation
an the anion
Al3+ O2-
Al2O3
Rule 1
3 CuCl2 + 2 Al 2 AlCl3 + 3 Cu
Oxidation number = 0
Rule 2
The Cu2+ and Cl- in copper (II) chloride have oxidation number of
2+ and -1 respectively.
3 CuCl2 + 2 Al 2 AlCl3 + 3 Cu
3.Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3 contains O2- ions. Therefore the oxidation
number will be -2.
The oxidation number of Fluorine is always -1. All other halogens (Cl,
Br, I) have the oxidation number of -1 in binary compound with some
exception.
2.Nickel (II) bromide, NiBr2 contains Br- ions. Here the oxidation
number of Br is equal to -1.
Rule 6
Reactant Product
4. Next, look for elements that appear only once on each side of
the equation but in unequal numbers of atom. Balance these
elements.
Oxygen : O2
Potassium Chloride : KCl
Potassium Chlorate : KClO3
Therefore…
Reactant Product
KClO3 O2 + KCl
2 KClO3 3 O2 + 2 KCl
1. Because there are 3 O atoms on the left and 2 on the right
of the equation, we can balance it by placing a 2 in front of
KClO3 and a 3 in front of O2
Reactant Product
K (2) K (2)
Cl (2) Cl (2)
O (6) O (6)
Example
Aluminum : Al
Air : O2
Aluminum Oxide : Al2O3
Al + O2 Al2O3
3
2 2 Al + O2
2 Al2O3
4 Al + 3 O2 2 Al2O3
Reactant Product
Al (4) Al (4)
O (6) O (6)
Amount of Reactant & Product
Example
2 Li + 2 H2O 2 LiOH + H2
2 mol of Li 1 mol of H2
Therefore..
6.941 g of Li 1 mol of Li
1 g of Li 0.144071459 mol of Li
Therefore
Therefore
mass
Number of mole of NH3 = relative molar mass
637.2
= 17.034
= 37.4075 moles
Number of mole of CO2 =
mass
relative molar mass
=
1142
44.01
= 25.9486 moles
Therefore….
Therefore….
mass
Number of mole =
relative molar mass
= 1123.3816 g
Answer (c)
Therefore…
mass
Number of mole CO2 = relative molar mass
mass
18.7037 = 44.01
mass = 823.1498 g
Given in the question, the initial amount of CO2 used in the
reaction is 1142 g.
From the previous calculation, the final mass of CO2 used in the
reaction is 823.1498 g.
= (1142 – 823.1498)g
= 318.8502 g of excess CO2
Reaction Yield
actual yield
x 100%
theoretical yield
Example
TiCl4 + 2 Mg Ti + 2 MgCl2
2 moles of Mg 1 mole of Ti
1 mole of Mg 0.5 moles of Ti
4.65 x 105 moles of Mg 2.33 x 105 moles of Ti
= 7.91 x 106
7
x 100%
2.08 x 10
= 38.03 %
Solution & Their Concentrations
Molar concentration (Cx)
no. mol solute
Molar concentration (Cx) =
no. L solution
OR
no. mmol solute
no. mL solution
Analytical Molarity
Answer
2.30
= 46.07
0.04992
=
3.50
= 0.014 M
Example
Answer
number of mole
Molarity = number of L
number of mole
0.108 M = 2L
The preparation..
M V
mole of solute
x volume of solution (in liters) moles of solute
liters of solution
MV = moles of solute
M1V1 = M2V2
Moles of Moles of
solute before solute after
dilution dilution
Example
Answer
M1V1 = M2V2
8.61 V = 875
Acid-Base Titration
Example
mol of NaOH
molarity of NaOH
L of solution
Therefore…
= 0.1141 M
Example
Answer
mole
molarity
L
mole
molarity
L
3
9.80 x 10
0.610
L
0.01606 L NaOH
16.1 mL NaOH
Percent concentration
weight solute
weight percent ( w / w) x 100%
weight solution
volume solute
volume percent (v / v) x 100%
volume solution
weight solute ( g )
weight / volume percent ( w / v) x 100%
volume solution (mL)
Part per Million and Parts per Billion
mass of solute ( g )
C ppm x 106 ppm
mass of solution ( g )
mass of solute ( g )
C ppb x 109
mass of solution ( g )
Mole Fraction
Mole fractions are strictly additive. The sum of the mole fractions of all
components is equal to one.