SUPER CRITICAL

TECHNOLOGY
By-

Arvind Kumar Yadav

(Executive Trainees-09)
Employee No -101917
Operation Group - 3
Super critical
• Critical condition is thermodynamic condition describing
the state of a substance beyond which there is no clear
distinction between the liquid and gaseous phase.

• Above critical Temperature (Tc) &

• Above critical Pressure (Pc)

• For water the critical point is at 221.25 bar and 374.150C.

Temperature (0C)

Critical point (221.25 bar, 374.150 C)

Sa
tur
ate
vad
po
Wet Region

ur
line
Enthalpy
Turbine Cycle Efficiency
net work 1 – Qout 1 – Tout
ηturbinecycle = ------------ = ------ = -------
Qin Qin Tin

Turbine Cycle thermal efficiency is improved by increasing the mean

temperature of heat addition process. This temperature is increased
because the boiler inlet pressure sets the saturation temperature in
Rankine cycle.

1 Total Heat Input

Heat Rate = ----------- = -------------------------------
Efficiency Electrical generation (KW)
Reasons for changeover from Sub
Critical to Super critical
• Higher Cycle efficiency.
• Conservation of fuel resources (Coal)
• Reduction of Pollutants - SOX & NOX
• Reduction in CO2 emission (linked to global
warming)
• Better economy in power generation where fuel costs
are high and pollution control requirements are
stringent
Steam Generation Process
 Super critical Operation
5
SC Steam generator 3
Boiler Steam Pressure
above the critical point Critical Point
221 bar, 374 ºc

T 1-2 Feed Water Pumping Process

4
2-3 He at addition in the Feed
Temperature

Water Heaters & Boiler

2 3-4 Expansion in HP Turbine
4-5 Reheating in Boiler
5-6 Expansion in IP & LP Turbine

1 6-1 Heat rejection in Condenser

6
S
Entropy
 Approximate improvement in Cycle
Efficiency

Pressure increase : 0.005 % per bar

Temp increase : 0.011 % per deg K
 SUPERCRITICAL ADVANTAGES
Enhancements
• Plant efficiency 0.69% to 1.64%
• Fuel tolerance More tolerant to coal quality changes

Reductions
• Coal Consumption
• Ash production
• CO2
• SO2
• Nox
Improvements
• Startup time
• Sliding Pressure Operation
• Load following capability
• Reduction in CO2, SO2 and NOx between 1.79% to
4.24%

• Reduction for 500 MW at 68.5% PLF per year is

- CO2 78300 tons
- SO2 365 tons
- Nox 71 tons
Boiler
Type
Furnace
Critical Pipi
Main Steam
• Size
Steam Tur
Casings
Turbine F
Boiler Fe
 Types of Boilers

• Drum type
• Once Through
 Drum type boiler
 Steam generation takes place in furnace water
walls

 Fixed evaporation end point - the drum

 Steam -water separation takes place in the drum

 Drum type boiler
 Natural Circulation Boiler
 Circulation thru water walls by thermo-
siphon effect

 Controlled Circulation Boiler

 At higher operating pressures just below
critical pressure levels, thermo-siphon effect
supplemented by pumps
 THE CONCEPT

The mass flow rate thru’ all heat transfer circuits

from Eco. inlet to SH outlet is kept same except at

low loads wherein recirculation is resorted to

protect the water wall system.

Major differences from Drum type boiler :

• Evaporator system
• Low load circulation system
• Separator
Evaporator system

• Formed by a number of parallel tubes

• Tubes spirally wound around the furnace to reduce
number of tubes and to increase the mass flow rate
thru’ the tubes
• Small tube diameter
• Arrangement ensures high mass velocity thru the
tubes
Furnace Arrangement

SPIRAL TYPE

VERTICAL TYPE
 Spiral wall arrangement
Advantage
1.By spiraling around the furnace, every tube is part of all four walls
which means that not only the difference in the length of the parallel
tube is minimized but also the heat pick up of individual tubes is
particularly equalized.
2.At low load also sufficient cooling of the tubes can be assured.

• Disadvantage
• Complicated manufacturing, construction of tubes.
• Greater ash accumulation on water walls.
Straight Tube Wall vs. Spiral Tube Wall
 Low load circulation system :
• At part loads once -thru flow not adequate to cool the
tubes.
• To maintain required mass velocities boiler operates on
circulating mode at low loads.
• Excess flow supplied by feed pump or a dedicated
circulating pump.
LOW LOAD SYSTEM WITH CIRC. PUMP
 Separator
• Separates steam and water during the
circulating mode operation
• Runs dry during once-thru flow mode
• Smaller in size compared to drum in a
drum type boiler
FEATURES OF SUPER CRITICAL BOILER :

FEED
WATER WATER WALL/
ECONOMISER SEPERATOR SUPERHEATER
PUMP EVAPORATOR

RECIRCULATIO STORAGE
N TANK
PUMP

CONSTANT WATER WALL FLOW

FEED
WATER WATER WALL/
ECONOMISER SEPERATOR SUPERHEATER
PUMP EVAPORATOR

ONCE THROUGH FLOW OPERATION

ONCE - THROUGH OPERATING
RANGE
 540°C, 255 Ksc

568°C, 47
Ksc 492°C, 260 Ksc

FUR ROOF
457°C, 49 Ksc
I/L HDR ECO HGR
O/L HDR
HRH LINE

MS LINE

411°C, 411°C,
277Ksc 275 Ksc

SEPARATOR

S
T FINAL SH
FINAL
O RH LTRH
R
DIV PANELS SH PLATEN
A SH
G
E

T VERTICAL WW
A
G ECO

305°C, 49 Ksc
N JUNCTION
K HDR
LPT LPT IPT
C
O HPT
N ECONOMISER
D
E
N
S
E
R
ECO I/L
s
al l
rw
ate
lw
ira
Sp

FEED WATER
BWRP
290°C, 302 KSC

FUR LOWER HDR

FRS
 Sliding Pressure Operation
The sliding pressure operation is a control system in which the main steam
is controlled by sliding pressure in proportion to the generation output.
Steam quality at the turbine inlet can be changed at constant volume flows
while keeping the turbine governing valve open. Utilizing sliding pressure,
the thermal efficiency of the steam turbine is improved at partial operating
loads through decreasing thermodynamic efficiency as follows, by
comparison with constant pressure type operation:

(1) A smaller governing value loss enables improvement of high pressure

turbine internal efficiency
(2) Decrease of feed water pump throughput
(3) Boiler reheat steam temperature can be maintained at higher levels
because of higher temperatures in high-pressure turbine exhaust steam.
Enthalpy Variations vs Pressure and
Boiler Load
 Sliding pressure V/s Constant
pressure
In sliding operation, turbine inlet valves remains fully open during
normal operation. As a result the live.

Advantages
 lower thermal stresses

 Reduce pressure level at low loads prolong the life span of plant
components.

 Overall reduction in power consumption

 Pressure Operation Mode

280

260

240
Pressure(bar)

220

200
Constant pressure mode
180
Sliding pressure

160 Modified Sloding pressure

140
30 50 70 90 110
Boiler Load (%)
REQUIREMENT OF WATER QUALITY
• The contents of dissolved and undissolved solids and other material
should be practically zero.

• In order to maintain above conditions continuous purification of the

return condensate by means of CPU is mandatory.

• It employ the use of all volatile treatment in order to maintain the

low TDS in water.

• O.T. Is recent method employed for the treatment of water/steam

cycle
Super Critical Technology in NTPC’s Plant
Plants in advance stage of construction
• 3x660MWSipatSTPPStage-I
• 3x660MWBarhSTPPStage-I
Upcoming Plants
•
Barh-II,Bihar–2x660MW
• NorthKaranpura,Jharkhand–3x660MW
• Darlipali,Orissa–4x800MW
• Lara,Chattisgarh–5x800MW
• Cheyyur,Tamilnadu–3x800MW
• Marakanam,Tamilnadu–4x800MW
• Tanda-II,UttarPradesh-2x660MW
• Meja,UttarPradesh-2x660MW
Thank
you !