LESSON 6:

Classical
Philosophers
 The branch of philosophical thinking that

Ethics
investigates the set of questions that arises
when one considers how to act
A system of moral standards
Virtue ethics
Emphasizes virtuous or moral character

Deontological
Ethics
Referred as duty ethics
Emphasizes or adhering to ethical
principles or duties and obedience to some
higher moral absolute

Consequentialis
m
Bases the morality of an action upon
consequences or the outcome
 Virtue
Ethics
Character-based ethics.

Deals not only with right or wrong, but

provides guidance as to the
characteristics and behaviors a good
person will seek to achieve.
Socrates
470 BCE- 399 BCE

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Socrates
 Dialectic
Method
HE RECOGNIZED HIS OWN LACK
OF KNOWLEDGE. Instead of
lecturing on what he knows, he asked
questions.
This socratic method is the
groundwork for western system of
logic and philosophy.
 Socrates
Socrates attacked Athenian values and
conventional wisdom. He was was found
guilty of denying the existence of Athens’
gods and for corrupting the Athenian youth
by teaching his students to disobeys their
elders. Before he died, he described death as
the release of the soul trapped from the body.
Plato
428 BCE- 348 BCE

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Plato
 Plato
Enthusiastic student of Socrates
He explored the concepts of justice, beauty and
equality
 Plato
Education teaches the appropriate
virtues, procedure the ideal
government, and brings forth morality.

His writings are distinguished in three

periods

He believed in the pre-existence and

immorality of the soul
 Plato
Realities presented by the senses
between the essence or “Form” of the
reality

Knowledge of reality is personal and

particular

In his writings, he greater realm of

Forms, Ideals and Ideas suggest that
the world of ideas is the only constant,
non-changing, absolute and universal
The ideal society consist of three main classes of people: producers, auxiliaries
and guardians

Society is just when all three classes work harmoniously and perform its
function

In this Ideal society the philosopher king rules with knowledge

 Plato
Foundation of modern democracy is
largely based on Plato’s work on the use of
reason to develop a fair and just society
focused on EQUALITY of INDIVIDUALS
 https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forma_(filosofia)

Aristotle
348 BCE- 322 BCE
 Aristotle
He was an exemplary student in Plato’s Academy for 20 years.

However, Aristotle did not inherit the position as the director of the
Academy because he disagreed with some of Plato’s philosophical
treatises.

Later on, he founded his own school and spent most of the remainder as a
teacher, researcher, and writer at the Lyceum.
 Aristotle
He first used the term “ethics” to name a
field of study developed by his predecessors.

“Ethics is the attempt to offer a rational

response of how humans should best live”

He emphasized the importance of

developing excellence of character (virtue
arete) as the way to achieve excellent
activity (energeia).
Examples of virtues or excellent character traits are honesty, courage, loyalty
and integrity. These character traits must be put into action. It is in being
honest, courageous, loyal and with integrity that one is considered virtuous and
has reached excellent activity.
It is energeia that Aristotle conceptualized The
Golden Mean between two corresponding vices.

He counsels moderation in all things and values.

The Golden Mean
 Aristotle
Why people are called to action?

All of actions aim to some purposes to be

achieved. He defines this ultimate goal as
happiness.

To live the best life, one’s aim is to achieve

well-being, happiness, or human
flourishing(eudaimonia).
Confuciu
s
551 BCE- 479 BCE

https://addicted2success.com/quotes/25-confucius-
quotes-that-will-inspire-you-to-live-the-best-life-possible/
 Confucius
He envisioned a better society where moral principles are based on the
Golden Rule, “What you do not wish for yourself, do not do others.”

His reciprocity ethics were based on the concept of self-discipline.

A leader must set a positive example, remain humble, and treat his people
with compassion. He also believed that he must teach people to live with
integrity, diligence, and obedience.
Harmony brings prosperity and
ultimately good relationships.
 Confucius
By the 2nd Century BC, the foundation of
Han Dynasty’s state ideology was based on
his philosophies, which emphasized personal
and government morality, correctness of
social relationships, justice and sincerity.
Can You
Guess It?
 Ethics
It is system of moral standards
 Plato
He is an Enthusiastic student of Socrates
He explored the concepts of justice, beauty and equality
 Confuciu
s
His reciprocity ethics were based on the concept
of self-discipline.
 20 Years
Aristotle was an exemplary student in Plato’s
Academy for how many years?
Honesty, Courage, Loyalty
and Integrity
Give one xample of virtues or excellent
character traits
 3
The ideal society consist of how many main
classes of people?
 Leader
This person must set a positive example, remain
humble, and treat his people with compassion and must
teach people to live with integrity, diligence, and
obedience.
 Teacher, Researcher, and
Aristotle founded Writer
his own school and spent
most of the remainder as a __ and _at the
Lyceum.
 Socrates
He recognized his own lack of knowledge.
Instead of lecturing on what he knows, he asked
questions.
 Plato
His writings are distinguished in three periods
 QUIZ in LESSON 6:

Classical
Philosophers
 Quiz
1. The branch of philosophical thinking that
investigates the set of questions that arises
when one considers how to act

A. B. C.
Ethics Consequentia- Virtue Ethics
lism
 Quiz
2. Bases the morality of an action upon
consequences or the outcome

A. B. C.
Deontological Consequentia- Virtue Ethics
Ethics lism
 Quiz
3. Emphasizes or adhering to ethical
principles or duties and obedience to some
higher moral absolute

A. B. C.
Deontological Consequentia- Virtue Ethics
Ethics lism
 Quiz
4. He first used the term “ethics” to name a
field of study developed by his predecessors.

A. B. C.
Socrates Confucius Aristotle
 Quiz
5. He believed in the pre-existence and
immorality of the soul

A. B. C.
Socrates Plato Aristotle
 Quiz
6. Character-based ethics. It deals not only with
right or wrong, but provides guidance as to the
characteristics and behaviors a good person will
seek to achieve.

A. B. C.
Virtue Ethics Deontological Consequentia-
Ethics lism
 Quiz
7. He was was found guilty of denying the
existence of Athens’ gods and for corrupting the
Athenian youth by teaching his students to
disobeys their elders.

A. B. C.
Confucius Socrates Aristotle
 Quiz
8. It brings prosperity and ultimately good
relationships.

A. B. C.
Courage Integrity Harmony
 Quiz
9. During _th century BC, Confucius saw the
moral decline that has resulted from the
deterioration of Chinese principles

A. B. C.
5th 6th 8th
 Quiz
10. This socratic method is the groundwork
for western system of logic and philosophy.

A. B. C.
Philosophical Logical Method Dialectic Method
Method
 Bonus
Question:
What is the title of lesson 6?
 LESSON 6:

Classical
Philosophers
WHAT IS THIS TOPIC
ABOUT?
MARS
Despite being red, Mars is actually a
cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust,
which gives the planet its reddish cast

VENUS
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun. It’s
terribly hot, even hotter than Mercury
 DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS

01 02 03 04
NEPTUN
MERCURY MARS E SATURN
Mercury is the smallest Despite being red, Neptune is the fourth- Saturn is composed
planet in our Solar Mars is actually a cold largest planet in our mostly of hydrogen and
System place Solar System helium
 FEATURES OF THE TOPIC

MARS 01 JUPITER
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place 03 It’s the biggest planet
in our Solar System

MERCURY
It’s the closest planet to 02
the Sun VENUS
04 Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
1346
The plague arrives in
England

1453
The fall of Constantinople to
the Ottoman

1564
William Shakespeare is born
 PRACTICAL USES OF THIS
SUBJECT

MERCURY MARS SATURN

Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars is Saturn is the ringed one
planet to the Sun a cold place and a gas giant

VENUS NEPTUNE JUPITER

Venus has a beautiful Neptune is the farthest It’s the biggest planet in
name, but it’s quite hot planet from the Sun our Solar System
 MULTIMEDIA

You can insert your own

multimedia content here. It
could be a nice addition to
your lesson, making it more
entertaining
A PICTURE IS WORTH A
THOUSAND WORDS
 DID YOU KNOW THIS?

01 02 03

SATURN NEPTUNE VENUS

Yes, this is the Neptune is the It has a beautiful
ringed planet. It’s a farthest planet from name and is the
gas giant, the Sun and the second planet from
composed of fourth-largest by the Sun. It’s quite hot,
hydrogen and diameter in our Solar even hotter than
helium System Mercury
 Despite being red, Mars is actually a
cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust,
which gives the planet its reddish cast
PROBLEM

Venus has a beautiful name and is the

second planet from the Sun. It’s
SOLUTION
terribly hot, even hotter than Mercury
 THIS IS A TABLE

1350 1400 1450 1500 1550

VENUS 123 444 321 235 452

MARS 457 864 1000 567 678

JUPITER 34 76 125 97 76
AWESOME
WORDS
 HISTORICAL DATA
VENUS A
Venus has a beautiful name,
but it’s terribly hot C

MARS B B
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place
A

JUPITER C
It’s the biggest planet in our
Solar System
If you want to modify this graph, click on it, follow the
link, change the data and replace it here
 PROCESS

Mercury is the Despite being red,

closest planet to the it’s actually a cold
Sun place
1390 MERCURY 1530 MARS

VENUS 1450 SATURN 1610

Venus is the It’s composed of
second planet hydrogen and
from the Sun helium
 OVERVIEW DIAGRAM

VENUS
Venus has a beautiful name,
but it’s terribly hot

MARS JUPITER SATURN

Despite being red, it’s It’s the biggest planet in It’s composed of
actually a cold place our Solar System hydrogen and helium
 EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with the
name of each part

_____
Mercury is the smallest
of them all
_____
Despite being red, _____
Mars is a cold place
Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s too hot
 ASSIGNMENT

1. Venus has a beautiful name,

but it’s terribly hot

2. Mercury is the closest

planet to the Sun

3. Despite being red, Mars is

actually a cold place
 THANK Do you have any questions?

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