V Nose

V Pharynx
V Larynx
V Trachea
V Bronchi
V Lungs
V p ruc ure: Nose has a basic framework of bone and
car ilage a ached o muscle and he ou er skin
lined wi h mucous membrane. The in ernal
s ruc ure of he nose is connec ed o he pharynx
by wo openings called in ernal nares.
V Func ion: Air brea hed in hrough he nose is
warmed, mois ened and fil ered as i passes
hrough he conchae, hree bony projec ions which
are lined wi h mucous membrane composed of
cells which can rap par icles of dus and germs.
The fil ered air flows hrough he in ernal nare in o
he pharynx.
V p ruc ure: Pharynx is shaped like a funnel. Firs
por ion of pharynx is known as nasopharynx.
Middle por ion as oropharynx. Lowes por ion as
laryngopharynx.
V Func ion: Pharynx has hree major func ions; he
passage of air and foo, forms a chamber for vocal
sounds produced by larynx. Nasopharynx
ranspor s air and mucus downwards. I has an
opening known as Eus achian ubes which
equalizes air pressure be ween ears, nose and
hroa . Oropharynx receives air, food and fluid
from he mou h. Laryngopharynx ac s as a
passageway for food, fluids and air.
V p ruc ure: The s ruc ure of ligamen s, muscles and
car ilage in he larynx con rol he ension in he
cords. Epiglo is is a piece of elas ic car ilage which
is si ua ed a he base of he ongue and is joined,
while a flap of he car ilage can move freely.
V Func ion: Larynx produces vocal sounds when air
is expelled over he vocal cords, wo membranes
vibra e o produce sound. When food is swallowed
he larynx rises and his riggers he free flap of he
epiglo is o move downwards, hereby crea ing a
lid over he larynx and channelling he food in o
he esophagus and no in o he respira ory rac .
V p ruc ure: Trachea or wind pipe is approxima ely
10 cm long and i s walls are suppor ed by
incomple e car ilage rings which provide suppor
bu also flexibili y. Inner walls of rachea are
covered wi h mucosal lining. The rachea hen
divides in o he lef and righ bronchus.
V Func ion: Trachea forms a passage for air o ravel
from larynx o lungs. The inner wall of rachea
raps par icles of dus and microorganisms which
are moved upwardss and expelled from he
respira ory rac .
V p ruc ure: Trachea divides in o lef and righ
bronchus which are similar in s ruc ure o
rachea and lead in o lef and righ lung
respec ively. The bronchi hen branch in o
secondary bronchi, hen er iary bronchi and
he process of branching con inues. Bronchioles
branch in o respira ory bronchioles hen in o
alevolar duc s and finally in o he alveolar sacs
and he alveoli.
V Func ion: Bronchi help in gaseous exchange
wi hin lung
V p ruc ure: Lungs are cone-shaped and ex end from he
collar bone o he surface of he diaphragm. The mid-
line of each lung con ains a region known as he hilus,
he area hrough which blood and lympha ic vessels,
nerves and primary bronchi en er and leave. Each lung
is divided in o lobes, hree in he righ lung and wo in
he lef , wi hin which here are smaller divisions
known as lobules.
V Func ion: Once he air reaches he alveoli, exchange of
gases occur. Diffusion of gases akes place across he
hin capillary and alveolar walls. Oxygen is passed in o
he capillaries for supply o body issues and carbon
dioxide is passed from he capillaries o he alveoli o
be expelled from he body during exhala ion.
=


- is he ra e a which gas en ers or leaves he
lung.


- Ven ila ion occurs under he con rol of he
au onomic nervous sys em from par s of
he brain s em, he medulla oblonga a and
he pons.
—


- is ini ia ed by he diaphragm and suppor ed
by he ex ernal in ercos al muscles. Normal
res ing respira ions are 10 o 18 brea hs per
minu e, wi h a ime period of 2 seconds.

 

- is generally a passive process; however, ac ive
or ›
 exhala ion is achieved by
he abdominal and he in ernal in ercos al
muscles. During his process air is forced
or  ou .
The major func ion of he respira ory sys em is gas
exchange be ween he ex ernal environmen and
an organism's circula ory sys em. In humans and
mammals, his exchange facili a es oxygena ion of
he blood wi h a concomi an removal of carbon
dioxide and o her gaseous me abolic was es from
he circula ion. As gas exchange occurs, he acid-
base balance of he body is main ained as par
of homeos asis. If proper ven ila ion is no
main ained, wo opposing condi ions could
occur: respira ory acidosis, a life hrea ening
condi ion, and respira ory alkalosis.
_ponala ion, gas exchange occurs a he alveoli,
he iny sacs which are he basic func ional
componen of he lungs. The alveolar walls are
ex remely hin (approx. 0.2 microme res). These
walls are composed of a single layer of epi helial
cells ( ype I and ype II epi helial cells) close o
he pulmonary capillaries which are composed of a
single layer of endo helial cells. The close
proximi y of hese wo cell ypes allows
permeabili y o gases and, hence, gas exchange.
This whole mechanism of gas exchange is carried
by he simple phenomenon of pressure difference.
When he a mospheric pressure is low ou side, he
air from lungs flow ou . When he air pressure is
low inside, hen he vice versa.