Seminar on

RAID TECHNOLOGY
Redundant Array of Independent Disk
By
CHANDAN .R
8TH ISE, 1ap05is013
Under the guidance of

Mr.Mithun.B.N,
Lecturer,Dept.ISE.
Mrs.Prapulla S.B
Lecturer,Dept.ISE.
 AGENDA
• Introduction
• How it works?
• Concepts
• Standard levels
• RAID 0
• RAID 1
• RAID 2
• RAID 3
• RAID 4
 AGENDA continued
• RAID 5
• Coombination of RAID levels: RAID 0+1
• Hardware RAID
• Software RAID
• Hardware Vs Software RAID
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Applications
• Conclusion
• References
 INTRODUCTION

• RAID : Redundant Array Of independent

Disks.
• Grouping small disk drives into an array.

• Improve performance of underlying storage.

• Provide higher data availability.

 How it works..?
• Physical and logical arrays and drives:

 Physical drives

 Physical arrays

 Logical arrays

 Logical drives
 Concepts : Mirroring

The writing of
identical data to
more than one
disk
Block diagram of a RAID mirroring configuration
 Concept: Stripping

The splitting
of data across
more than
one disk.
Block diagram of a RAID striping configuration
 Concepts : Parity

D1 XOR D2 XOR D3 XOR D4 = DP

 Standard RAID LEVELS
• RAID 0: stripping.
• RAID 1: mirroring.
• RAID 2: bit level stripping.
• RAID 3: Byte-level striping with dedicated parity.
• RAID 4: Block-level striping with dedicated parity.
• RAID 5: Block-level striping with distributed parity.
RAID 0: Striping without parity

This illustration shows how files of

different sizes are distributed between the
drives on a four-disk
RAID 0 continued

Common Name(s): RAID 0

Technique(s) Used: Striping (without parity)

Storage Efficiency: 100% if identical drives are used.

Fault Tolerance:

Availability:

Capacity: C= n*d.
 RAID 1

llustration of a pair of
mirrored hard disks, showing how the
files are duplicated on both drives.
RAID 1 continued
• Common Name(s): RAID 1; RAID 1 with Duplexing.

• Technique(s) Used: Mirroring or Duplexing

• Storage Efficiency: 100% if identical drives are used.

• Fault Tolerance:

• Availability:
• Capacity: C= Size of Smaller Drive/size of small
drive+largest )
 RAID 2

Bit-level striping with Hamming code ECC.

 RAID 2 continued
• Common Name(s): RAID 2.

• Technique(s) Used: Bit-level striping with Hamming code ECC.

• Storage Efficiency:  Depends on the number of data and ECC

disks.
• Fault Tolerance

• Availability
• Capacity
 RAID 3
byte level stripping with dedicated parity

This illustration shows how files of different sizes are distributed

between the drives on a four-disk, byte-striped RAID 3 array
Parity info is sent to dedicated block
 RAID 3 continued
• Common Name(s): RAID 3.

• Technique(s) Used: . Byte-level striping with dedicated parity.

• Storage Efficiency:  If all drives are the same size, ( (Number

of Drives - 1) * Number of Drives).
• Fault Tolerance

• Availability
• CapacityC = (n-1)*d
 RAID 4
block level stripping with distributed parity

This illustration shows how files of different sizes are distributed between
the drives on a four-disk RAID 4 array using a 16 kiB stripe size
 RAID 4 continued
• Common Name(s): RAID 4.

• Technique(s) Used: . Block-level striping with dedicated parity.

• Storage Efficiency:  If all drives are the same size, ( (Number of

Drives - 1) / Number of Drives).
• Fault Tolerance

• Availability
• Capacity C = (n-1)*d
 RAID 5

This illustration shows how files of different sizes are distributed

between the drives on a four-disk RAID 5 array using a 16 kiB stripe
size. 
 RAID 5 continued
• Common Name(s): RAID 5.

• Technique(s) Used: Block-level striping with distributed parity.

• Storage Efficiency:  If all drives are the same size, ( (Number of

Drives - 1) / Number of Drives).
• Fault Tolerance

• Availability
• Capacity C = (n-1)*d
 Combination of different levels

This illustration shows how files of different sizes are distributed between the
drives on an eight-disk RAID 0+1 array using a 16 kB stripe size for the RAID 0
portion.
 Combination of different levels
continued
• Common Name(s):  RAID 0+1, 01, 0/1.

• Technique(s) Used:  Mirroring and striping without parity.

• Storage Efficiency:   If all drives are the same size, 50%.

• Fault Tolerance

• Availability
• Capacity C = n*d/2
 Hardware RAID

•Dedicated hardware to
control the array.
•Two main types of
hardware RAID :
-Bus-Based or Controller
Card Hardware RAID.
-Intelligent, External
RAID Controller.
 Software RAID

•  System processor using special software

routines.
• Implemented at the operating system level.

• Ex: Windows NT and Windows 2000

 Hardware Vs Software RAID
• Cost
• Simplicity Advantages if software RAID
• Duplexing

• Performance
• Boot volume limitations Advatages of
Hardware
• Level Support
RAID
• Advanced Feature Support
• Operating System Compatibility Issues
• Software Compatibility Issues
• Reliable concerns
 Advantages

• Higher data security

• Fault tolerance

• Improved availability

• Increased and integrated capacity

• Improved performance
 Disadvantages
• Drivers for a Network Operating System (NOS)
need to be written.
• Administrators find it very difficult to
configure a RAID system
• System should support RAID drives
• Initially one has to determine the type of RAID
drives that is compatible
 Applications
• Popular for accounting and other financial
data.
• Multimedia
• Publishing
• Datatbase applications
• Web servers
 Conclusion
• Reliable n safe way to store and manage data
• Can be configured for
– Enchanced performance
– Increased reliablity
• Speeding up the process of audio and video
editing
“storage is more than convenience…its
necessity”
References
Thank you
Questions