Group 6

Asian Human
Population and
Urbanization issue
Course: Environmental Science
 POWER

GROUP 6
1. Nguyễn Hương Giang (BAFNIU18264)

Group List 2. Trần Công Minh (BAFNIU18225)

3. Nguyễn Thị Trúc Ly (BABAWE18209)

4. Nguyễn Thảo Nguyên (BABAWE18230)

5. Lê Nguyễn Thanh Tuyền (BAFNIU18267)

6. Nguyễn Thị Thanh Thảo (BAFNIU19161)

7. Nguyễn Hoàng Hải Phương (BAFNIU18240)

2
 01 Population and Urbanization trends in China and Indonesia

02 Environmental Issues

03 Solutions of China and Indonesia

04 The differences in the settlements of those country

Content 05
The differences in how China solve the problems compared
to others in other continents.
Population and Urbanization trends
in China and Indonesia
 POWER Population trends:
o China experienced dramatic declines in birth and death rates over the
past 50 years as the government implemented revolutionary and
controversial policies to improve health and slow down population
growth.
o Fewer children, later marriage, and longer life expectancy have affected
family structures and created new challenges.
o The effects of these dramatic changes on China's fertility, health,
economy, and government in the 20th century will ripple through the
society in the foreseeable future, and will be felt around the world.

ABOUT

China
Urbanization trends:
o China is about to reach a mile stone its
economic transformation in the next couple of
years for the first time in the country’s history.
5 o This statistic shows the degree of urbanization
in China from 2009 to 2019.
 POWER
Population trends:
With a population totaling around 260 million individuals, Indonesia is the fourth-
largest country in terms of population size.
More than half of the population can be classified as belonging to two main
ethnic groups:
ABOUT
 Javanese (41% of the total population)
Indonesia  Sundanese (15% of the total population)
The most populous province is West Java (More than 43 million people), while
the least populous one is West Papua in the far eastern region of Indonesia
(Home to around 761,000 people).

Five Most Populous Provinces of Indonesia (in millions):

Population Population
Province     2000     2010
West Java      35.8      43.1
East Java      34.8      37.5
Central Java      31.2      32.4
North Sumatra      11.6      13.0
Banten (Java)       8.1      10.6
6
Indonesia     206.3     237.6
Sources: Statistics Indonesia Population Census 2000 & 2010
Annual Population Growth Rate Indonesia

Population of Indonesia
 POWER

Urbanization trends:
o In 2010, 51% of the world’s population lived in cities
while the remaining 49% lived in rural areas. Indonesia
is a prime example for this almost equal distribution.

o Three of the nation’s other large urban areas include

Surabaya, Bandung and Bekasi, which are also located
on the island of Java.

o Indonesian’s agricultural and urban lands are still

somewhat linked spatially.

8
Environmental Issues
9
 POWER

Air Pollution
Some negative effects of outdoor air pollution include:

ACID RAIN OZONE DEPLETION GLOBAL WARMING C L I M AT E C H A N G E

10
11

AIR POLLUTION

In China
On January 4, the Beijing government issued a red alert - the
highest level of smoke, and a yellow warning for fog.
Out of the 20 cities on red alert - the highest alert level, the other
21 cities on orange alert - the second highest level of alert in four
steps. The most polluted places are Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei.
AIR POLLUTION

In China
In Beijing:

 The car cannot be controlled because of fog.

 Batch of flights were canceled.

 Schools were temporarily closed.

Across China, dense haze occurs in 25 over 31

provinces, spreading over 1.4 million square kilometers
and affecting more than 800 million people.
 POWER AIR POLLUTION

In Indonesia
With more than 3600 forest fires happening regularly, PM2.5
fine dust is always at a high level. In addition, the city of
Jakarta suffers from an air pollution problem caused by coal.

Contributors to poor air quality in Indonesia include:

 The mining and oil and gas industries.

 Automobile manufacturing.

 Vehicle emissions.

 Forest fires.

13
 In China
According to a report released in
January 2016, testing data at
groundwater wells in all parts of
China, grade IV water accounts
for 32.9%, grade V accounts for
47.3%.
 Therefore, over 80% of the
groundwater in China is seriously
polluted and cannot be directly
used.
Water
Pollution
Causes
From urban:
 Rapid urban expansion leads to a
rapid increase in the amount of
domestic wastewater and the ones
that had not been solved properly.
From industry:
 Exploration, extraction, manufacturing
and waste dumps as well as leaked
gas stations in the petrochemical
industry.
 WAT E R P O L L U T I O N

In Indonesia
o Citarum - the source of drinking Causes
water for dozens of households,
 Industrial wastewater, domestic
has become the most polluted
river in the world, second only to wastewater and garbage are
the Ganges River.
dumped directly into the river.
o 28% of fish consumed in
Indonesia contains microplastics,  Chemicals from industrial waste
which are potential threats to are not properly disposed of.
marine ecosystems and human
health.
Solution
16
China
AIR POLLUTION

 The government prohibited new coal-fired power plants and shut

down a number of old plants in the most polluted regions including city

clusters of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Pearl and Yangtze Deltas.

 Large cities restricted the number of cars on the road and started

introducing all-electric bus fleets.

 The government also introduced aggressive afforestation and

reforestation programmes like the Great Green Wall and planted more

than 35 billion trees across 12 provinces.

The Air Pollution Action Plan released in September 2013
became China’s most influential environmental policy.
It helped the nation to make significant improvements in its air
quality between 2013 and 2017, reducing PM2.5 levels
(Atmospheric particulate matter) by 33% in Beijing and 15% in
the Pearl River Delta.

o In 2018, China introduced its Three-year Action Plan for

Winning the Blue Sky War applies to all the cities.
o The previous plan had not addressed a primary pollutant
that made the air deadly in many cities: ground-level ozone-
highly irritating gas created by volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) reacting with nitrogen oxides released from vehicles.
o The new action plan focuses more on ozone pollution as it
adds targets for both VOCs and nitrogen oxides: emissions
reductions of 10% and 15%, respectively, by 2020.
Results China before Covid-19

The air quality over major Chinese cities has improved as of

the beginning of 2020.

A drop in industrial and economic activities resulted in

reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved air
quality in Wuhan over the Chinese New Year, as well as
Beijing, Shanghai and the Yangtze River Delta region.

 The average citizen can now expect to live 2.4 years China after Covid-19

longer on average if the declines in air pollution persist.

China
WAT E R P O L L U T I O N

In 2014, Premier Li Keqiang set aside $330 billion to tackle water pollution. Three “red
lines” were declared, with targets set for 2015, 2020 and 2030 that covered maximum total
water use, efficiency of water use and pollution control.

o In April 2015, China followed the State Council’s Water Pollution Prevention and

Control Action Plan. The Plan aims to enforce stricter standards, increase water
monitoring efforts, strengthen the enforcement of environmental laws, punish polluters
and especially target heavily polluting industries.

o The Thirteenth Five Year Plan in 2016 set specific goals for water consumption and

water quality. The Plan aims to reduce water consumption by 23% from 2015 levels by
2020, upgrade urban sewage facilities, and increase rates of wastewater treatment. It
also demands reduced contamination from agricultural pollutants, by lowering the use of
chemical fertilizers and insecticides.
 Indonesia
AIR POLLUTION

 Jakarta regularly organizes Car-Free Day on

several major roads.
 "For indoor air pollution, Jakarta has regulations to
enforce non-smoking areas, especially in schools,
offices, and shopping centers,” said Deputy
Governor Oswar.
 In 2016, the Jakarta city government has introduced a
system of ‘odd-even’ number plates which
encourages the use of environmentally friendly Fuel
Gas (BBG), public transport and reduce traffic
congestion.
 Indonesia
WAT E R P O L L U T I O N

In electoral campaign, Jokowi promised to build 65 dams during his

five year term in office.

Basuki Hadimuljono, the Public Works and Housing Minister, has

indicated that improved irrigation systems will be a major part of the

Jokowi government’s infrastructure development.

o The Indonesian Government continues to focus on improving

the amount of water available to the agricultural sector.
Therefore, education and infrastructure for agriculture should
be provided to persuade farmers to use modern irrigation
systems that need less water.

o With the water scarcity in Java, production needs to be more

equally distributed to other islands with more water, such as
Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua.

Basuki Hadimuljono
 POWER
The differences in settlements of China and Indonesia
CHINA
Invested money in science and technology.
Long-term policies.
The Chinese government has been embracing clean
technology more and more in recent years. In
addition, the Chinese government has been
increasingly admitting that the country faces a large-
scale environment dilemma.
23
INDONESIA
Raising awareness for their citizens.
The policies are not tight, mainly in the short-term.
The Indonesian government has voluntarily
committed to a minimum 26% reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 and 29% by 2030.
However, ineffective in implementing policies to meet
the goals of the Paris Agreement.
 POWER

The differences in how China solve the problems

compared to United States

CHINA U N I T E D S TAT E S

Coal-intensive Own large oil

and gas reserves

Chinese government is gradually addressing carbon U.S. efforts have been more indirect or tied up in
emissions from existing coal plants through the courts.
government-imposed mandates and standards and
building a number of new coal plants with ultra-
supercritical thermal power technology.

24
Thank you for watching