Outlines

1. Introduction to transport planning

2. The transport planning process
3. Historical Background & Trends
4. Introduction to transport modeling
5. The four stage modeling
5.1 Trip production
5.2 Trip distribution
5.3 Modal choice
5.4 Trip assignment
6. Travel Surveys and traffic counts
7. Transport planning strategies
8. Transport planning studies:
land use studies,
pedestrian studies,
mass transit studies,
Freight transport studies, and
parking studies.
9. Evaluation of Transport Alternatives
10. Mobility Management: Integration of Mobility and Accessibility
11. Implementing Measures and Strategies
12. Environment and energy impacts
13. Geographical Information Systems and transport planning
Introduction
 Definition of 'Transport Planning‘
Transport planning is defined as planning required in the
operation, provision and management of facilities and
services for the modes of transport to achieve safer, faster,
comfortable, convenient, economical and environment-
friendly movement of people and goods.
It is a prediction of usage demand in future travel and to
ensure all the necessary facilities and services to cater to that
demand.
Transport planning is highly essential in shaping cities,
enabling economic activities, promoting community
interaction, and enhancing quality of life.
It is also essential for sustainable development and ensuring
safe accessibility at various levels for all individuals.
Introduction
The distinction between infrastructure
planning and transport planning
 Transport characteristics – the motivation of

planning
 Elements of transport planning
 Transport and land use
Transport planning vs. Infrastructure
planning
 Infrastructure planning:
Planning and investment/building of infrastructure.
(Infrastructure = roads, railway lines, harbors,
airports and other terminals)
 Transport planning:
Planning and realization of strategies to supply
the requirement of transport services to meet the
transport demand.
Transport Characteristics
The Motivation of Planning
 Social development and observation of
transport:
◦ Mobility for all Categories Accessibility to different
activities Surveys to keep track of the
situation/status 5
 The requirements of transport
◦ Transport as a condition to accomplish activities
◦ Transport services required in interaction with land
use development
Transport Characteristics
The Motivation of Planning
 Current issues ?
◦ The need for infrastructure due to:
 New connections
 Better connection, accessibility, reduced travel time/costs
 Queues, delays
◦ The need for measures due to:
 Traffic safety
 Environmental issues; local noise, local/regional air pollution and global
problems
◦ Required transport services for:
 Person trips, passengers; mode choice
 Freight transport; with focus on value chains, logistic chains,
intermodality, choice of cargo-carrier and mode
◦ The value/benefits to the society:
 Reduced travel time
 Reduced travel costs
 Reduced accidents
 Reduced pollution
Elements of transport planning
Planning of transport systems (physical
planning)
 Financing
 Analytical transport planning
 Methods in scope
 Organizational and procedural matters
Elements of Transport Planning:
Planning of Transport Systems /
Physical Planning
 The preparation of a Structure Plan for the area of which the
authority (metropolitan or local/regional) has jurisdiction.
 
 This contains major statements of key strategic policies
important to the development of land for a subsequent
period of years, which can be used as a framework for local
planning including land use and transport planning
 
 The Structure Plan should contain land use policies and
proposals relating to the road and rail networks and to
related services,
e.g. rail terminals, public transport interchange facilities,
docks and airports
Elements of Transport Planning:
Planning of Transport Systems /
Physical Planning
 Land use and transport authorities (both metropolitan
and local) can be required to adopt policies that:
◦ Promote development within urban areas, at locations highly
accessible by modes other than private car
◦ Locate major generators of travel demand in existing centers
(which are highly accessible by modes other than private car)
◦ Strengthen existing local centers – in both urban and rural areas
 – which offer a range of everyday ”community”,
shopping and employment opportunities
◦ Maintain and improve choice for people to walk, cycle or use
public transport
◦ Limit parking provision for developments and other on- or off-
street parking situations
Elements of Transport Planning: Planning of
Transport Systems / Physical Planning
 The aim underlying these national policies is
to reduce the need for travel, especially by
car, by
◦ influencing the location of different developments
relative to transport provision , and
◦ fostering forms of development which encoUrage
walking, cycling and pUblic transport Use
Elements of Transport Planning:
Financing
 Transport was traditionally regarded as a public good. Transport
infrastructure cost paid for by public authorities. Public transport
revenues supplemented by the governmental authorities
(subsidies / public purchasing of transport services).
 There was no (or hardly any) relationship between the resources

raised by government through its taxes on passenger and freight

vehicles using road and rail systems, and the expenditures which
it lays out on these systems.
 However, the financing of roads, railways and public transport

has changed over time as components of the transport industries

were outsourced or franchised.
◦ E.g. capital expenditure on rail infrastructure provided from access
charges paid by train-operating companies.
Elements of Transport Planning:
Financing
 Further on, there is an increasing general
governmental policy to expand the infrastructural
investments by private enterprise.
 This way of financial structure is tough

depending on the type of infrastructure and the

administrative/political/geographical level in
scope.
 It is also common that local authorities receive

block rate grants from the central government, in

addition to the use of local funding and taxes.
Analytical Transport Planning
 Traditionally, the main focus of transport planning
was related to the provision of roads
 
 The processes in development of a new trunk road
can take 10-15 yrs, between the conception of a
scheme and the opening of the road, depending on
the size, location and complexity of the scheme
and acceptability to the pUblic
 The transport planning process will be elaborated
in the lectures of ”Transportation Planning Process”
Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process
 The necessity of carrying oUt traffic stUdies:
◦ To estimate traffic volumes for the design year for a new road
◦ For economic and environmental assessments
◦ To satisfy statutory obligations relating to noise
 The collection and analysis of data can be a
complicated process:
◦ The measurement of current traffic
◦ With the design year set to 15 year after the opening, the
design year can be 25-30 years into the future
◦ The credibility of traffic predictions declines with increasing
time into the future
◦ The segmentation in traffic components.
Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process

Constituents of a Road’s Design Traffic Volume

Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process
 The traffic growth components consists of:
◦ Normal traffic growth, due to cumulative annual increase in the
numbers and usage of motor vehicles. Be aware of possible problems
caused by the use of national (average) projections
◦ Generated traffic composed of:
 IndUced traffic: Traffic that did not exist previously
 Converted traffic: Trips converting from bus/walking/cycling to car
 Development traffic: Traffic due to land development adjacent to a
new road
◦ Current traffic composed of:
 Reassigned traffic: same-destination traffic transfering from
existing roads to new road
 RedistribUted traffic: traffic on existing roads transfering to new
road resulting in new destination
Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process
 On low-volume roads in rural areas, classified traffic
count data alone may be sufficient to evaluate current
traffic volumes. And - predictions can be set based on
experience with local traffic and travel conditions

 On high-volume rural roads or bypasses around smaller

urban areas the situation becomes more difficult. More
rigorous techniques are required to study and analyze
current traffic patterns. This includes:
◦ Information of Origin-Destination (OD)-patterns
◦ Information of travel times and costs
Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process
 Inlarger urban areas and on high-volume highways estimation of
traffic flows can be complex. The influences on the transport
system is diversified, and planning data can only be obtained
from a comprehensive transport demand study

 The classical (land use and) transport study process is as follows:

1. Carry out inventories and surveys of objectives, present travel
activities, travel facilities, public transport services, transport policies,
present and future land use/populations/economics/environmental
data
2. Determine existing interzonal travel pattern, and establish
mathematical models to represent them
3. Develop and evaluate transport options to meet future needs
4. Use the models developed at 2) to predict future trips for the
scenarios outlined at 3)
5. Select the optimum acceptable option, and develop this in detail
Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process
 Stages in the development of the planning process and
methods:
◦ 1960s and 1970s: A major focus on data gathering and the
development of methods/models. Only limited consideration to the
generation of transport solutions to be tested.
◦ 1970s and 1980s: Discussion of the accurancy and objectivity of
models. More focus on environmental effects and public transport
services. Public attitudes to proposed solutions became an issue.
◦ 1980s and 1990s: Integrated Transport Studies. The use of
scenario- techniques in planning.
 Objectives as: Efficiency in the use of resources, accessibility to facilities,
environmental quality, global impacts, sustainability and financial feasibility.
 Increase in volume of data collection; household and
roadside interviews, surveys of public transport passengers
and traffic counts.
Elements of Transport Planning:
Transport/Traffic Study Process
 Economic assessment can be required at various stages in road
scheme appraisal and the transportation planning process
 It is important to develop actual alternatives to the ”do-

minimum” or ”do-nothing” alternative

 Economic evaluations can be carried out in many ways, but

there is a significant degree of conformity between the

methods in different countries.
 The commonly used method determines the present value of

benefits and costs associated with each alternative. Typical

issues (O’Flaherty):
◦ Define benefit and cost elements
◦ Define discount rate (7% ?) and range of years
◦ Define unit costs, and study/calculate consequences
◦ Calculate present values/internal rate of return, .....
Elements of transport planning:
Environmental Assessment
 Air quality
 Cultural heritage
 Disruption due to construction
 Ecology and nature conservation
 Landscape effects
 Land use effects
 Traffic noise and vibration
 Pedestrian, cyclist and community effects
 Water quality and drainage
 Geology and soil considerations
 Development policies and plans
Elements of transport planning:
Organizational Matters
◦ The properties of infrastructure and transport systems is rather complex
and requires divided responsibility between central government and local
authorities
◦ At the central level this involves several Ministries, with a division of work
◦ Important to maintain a dynamic process for the division of responsibilities,
as the infrastructural and transport systems is developed
◦ In principle the responsibilities of central governments are: planning and
regulations for the main modes (road/car, rail/train, sea/ship and
air/flights).
 This also has contributed to the development of governmental
agencies and public administrations for each mode (or a joint
composition of modes)
◦ Because of the relationship between land use and transport, there are
several elements of interaction that needs to be taken care of, both from an
organizational point of view, and as planning and regulation are concerned.
Elements of transport planning:
Organizational Matters
 Examples of responsibility at the central
government – roads:
 Policies, plans and methods:
◦ Policy on trunk roads and highways
◦ The scale of the motorways and trunk road network
◦ Content and priorities of new construction programmes
◦ The methodology to be used for traffic and economic
appraisal
◦ Actual policies for charging for the use of inter-urban
roads and private finance of roads
Elements of transport planning:
Organizational Matters
 A Highway Agency’s key task:
◦ Deliver the program of trunk road schemes
according to decided time and cost
◦ RedUce the time taken to deliver trunk road
schemes and realization of investments
◦ Maintain the trunk road network cost effectively
(long-term based)
◦ Improve the information systems for road users
◦ Others ....
Elements of transport planning:
Organizational Matters
 Examples of responsibility at the central
government – rail:
  
 Internationally there are several ”models” of

organization and distribution of responsibilities and

ownership (public vs. private, passenger vs. freight)
 Policies that include:

◦ Responsibility concerning passenger, freight and parcel

services; own account, franchising, full privatization
◦ Provision of right of access to the rail network for new
operators
◦ Security and others ....
Elements of transport planning:
Organizational Matters
 Local authorities:
 Metropolitan counties (cp. Addis Ababa):

◦ Spatial division in districts

◦ Planning authority concerning spatial issues, development control and
granting of planning permissions
◦ Responsibility for non-trunk roads, traffic management and parking
regulations, public transport policies and services (although this is often
undertaken by a public or private company). Concerning public transport
services, the policy and management of public subsidies is also an
important issue
 Non-metropolitan counties and regions:
◦ Spatial division including both town/minor city and surrounding area
◦ The planning aUthority usually is the county/regional council (with
similar responsibilities to that of an metropolitan area. But, often with
the difference that the county also is the Undertaker of the public
transport services)
Transport and Land use
 Land use categories:
 Housing
 Schools

 Industries

 .....

◦
The interaction between land use categories:
 ”Home-to-work”-relations/-trips
 .......
◦ The requirement and development of transport infrastructure:
 Important trip relations (OD-pattern)
 Priorities and decision-making
◦ The interaction between land use and transport:
 Description of the present situation
 The spatial and statutory planning regulations
 Development of the interaction
Conclusions
 Transport planning is
◦ Developing a shared vision of where we need to
go
◦ Understanding the nature of the driving forces
◦ Designing effective policies and support
◦ Understanding how this will work on the ground
◦ Working across sectors
◦ A living process