Intelligence

By
Dr. Navin Kumar
Definition of Intelligence
 Intelligence is the aggregate or global
capacity of the individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal
effectively with his environment.

-Weshler
Mesurement of Adult Intelligence. 1939
Components of Intelligence
1. Understand complex ideas
2. Adapt to the environment
3. Learn from experience
4. Ability to reason
5. Problem solving skills
Theories of Intelligence

Spearman vs. Thurstone

– “g” or multiple components??
– PMA

Cattell’s Theory
•Empirically based
•Crystallized intelligence GC
•Fluid intelligence GF
Theories of Intelligence
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
• logical/mathematical •musical
• linguistic •bodily kinesthetic
• spatial •interpersonal
•intrapersonal

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

•Componential Intelligence (book smarts)
•Experiental Intelligence (creativity)
•Contextual Intelligence (street smarts)
Early Theories of Intelligence
 Charles Spearman
– Believed intelligence is general
– People who are bright in one area are usually
bright in other areas as well
 L. L. Thurstone
– Believed that intelligence is made up of seven
distinct, independent abilities
» Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability,
verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, and reasoning
Early Theories of Intelligence
 R. B. Cattell
– Identified two clusters of mental abilities
» Crystallized intelligence includes abilities such as
reasoning and verbal skills
» Fluid intelligence includes skills such as spatial and
visual imagery, rote memory, and the ability to notice
visual details
– While education can increase crystallized
intelligence, it was not thought to have any effect on
fluid intelligence
Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence

*Verbal/ Linguistic
*Visual/ Spatial
*Interpersonal
*Musical/ Rhythmic
*Logical/ Mathematical
*Intrapersonal
*Bodily/ Kinesthetic
The theory of multiple intelligences has
encouraged the idea that a person is not born
with all the intelligence they will ever possess.
In the rest this slide show, each of the
intelligences will be explained to give you a
better understanding of Howard Gardner’s
theory.
 Linguistic Intelligence
Intelligence
                                                    

                                                                            
 ~*Linguistic Intelligence*~
Gardner's Definition:
Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart) is the capacity to use language, your native language,
and perhaps other languages, to express what's on your mind and to understand other
people.
Criteria Used for Linguistic Intelligence
•Can understand words and manipulate the structure of language
•Has highly developed communication skills including writing, speaking, and story-telling
•Knows and correctly uses rules of grammar
•Enjoys reading, writing, and speaking
•Has a large vocabulary

This person learns best by:

•Saying, hearing, and seeing words
•Writing
•Talking
•Reading
These people would do well in these careers.
•Author •Typist
•Journalist •Novelist
•Poet •Comedian
•Playwright •Politician
•Radio Announcer •Actor
•Speech Pathologist
(one who interprets)
 Activities These People Would Enjoy

 Book reporting •Letter writing

 Telling jokes •Storytelling
 Writing words •Discussing
 Reading •Creative writing
 Journal writing •Debating
 Speaking
 Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Logical-mathematical intelligence is the

capacity to use numbers effectively and reason
well. Someone who has this kind of
intelligence is able to see cause and effect really
well; also, they are able to identify a problem
and solve it right there on the spot. People with
this intelligence think by reasoning, and they
love experimenting, questioning, figuring out
logical puzzles, and calculating.
What kinds of processes are used in the
logical-mathematical intelligence sequence?
 Categorization
 Classification
 Inference
 Generalization
 Calculation
 Hypothesis testing
 Careers
 Accountant • Economist
Auditor • Legal Assistant
 Banker • Mathematician
 Bookkeeper • Purchasing Agent
 Businessperson • Science Researcher
 Computer Analyst • Science Teacher
 Computer Programmer • Statistician
 Doctor • Technician
Spatial
Intelligence
What is spatial intelligence?
Spatial intelligence is the brain’s
ability to perceive and interpret visual
stimuli. In other words, it’s how our
minds process what we see. Although
not very recognized, spatial
intelligence is very important in the
arts and in everyday life.
 Possible Careers
 Advertising Agent  Interior Designer
 Architect  Inventor
 Cartographer(Map  Painter
Maker)
 Photographer
 Drafter
 Engineer
 Pilot
 Fine Artist
 Sculptor
 Graphic Designer  Surveyor
 Fashion Designer  Urban Planner
What is Bodily-Kinesthetic
Intelligence?

It is expertise in using one’s whole body to

express ideas and feelings.
Examples: acting, dancing, sports, and using body
language

It is the ability to use one’s hands to produce or

transform things.
Examples: sculpting clay and hands-on learning
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Thinking through physical sensations

Love Need
 Dancing  Role play
 Running  Drama
 Jumping  Movement
 Building
 Things to build
 Touching
 Sports and physical
 Gesturing games
 Tactile (touchable)
experiences
 Hands-on learning
Possible Career Choices
 Inventor
 Actor
 Athlete
 Jeweler
 Carpenter  Mechanic
 Choreographer (creates  Mime
and arranges dances)  P.E. Teacher
 Craftsman  Physical Therapist
 Dancer
 Farmer
 Recreational Director
 Forest Ranger
 Actress
What is Musical Intelligence?
Being musically
intelligent means that you
are able to distinguish the
sounds around you and
that you have the ability
to make your own
melodies. Even if you are
only singing a song or
making music, you are
using your musical
intelligence!
If you are musically
intelligent, you are able
to:
 Perceive
 Discriminate
 Transform
 Express
All kinds of musical forms
Types of Musical Intelligence

Figural and Formal

This means that you This means that you
are very intuitive about analytic and technical
the nature of music and about music and its
its creation. creation.

*Anyone can have either both or one of these forms *

 Careers
This will give you just a taste for the jobs

available in this growing field.

• Song Writer  Advertising Agent

• Performing Musician  Conductor
• Piano Turner  Film/Instrument
• Singer Maker
• Musical Theater Actor/  Composer
Actress  Music Teacher
• Studio Engineer  Sound Engineer
• Instrument Manager  Music Therapist
Interpersonal
Intelligence
Interpersonal Intelligence
Gardner's Definition:
 Interpersonal intelligence, (people smart), is
understanding other people.  It’s an ability we
all need, but is at a premium if you are a
teacher, clinician, salesperson, or a politician. 
Anybody who deals with other people has to be
skilled in the interpersonal intelligence.
Interpersonally intelligent people
enjoy:
 Understanding other's feelings
 Person-to-person communication
 Cooperative learning strategies
 Receiving feedback
 Group projects
 Teaching someone else something new
 Learning from someone outside of school
 Acting in a play or simulation
 Conducting an interview
 Sensing others’ motives
 Creating  group rules
 Giving feedback to the teacher or to classmates
Interpersonal Careers
 Administrator  Public Relations
 Anthropologist  Salesperson
 Counselor  School Principal
 Manager  Sociologist
 Nurse  Therapist
 Personnel Director  Teacher
 Politician  Travel Agent
 Religious Leader
 Psychologist
“What is intrapersonal intelligence?”
Intrapersonal intelligence is self-knowledge and the
ability to act adaptively on the basis of that
knowledge. This intelligence includes having an
accurate picture of oneself (one’s strengths and
weaknesses); awareness of inner moods, intentions,
motivations, temperaments, and desires; and the
capacity for self-discipline, self-understanding, and
self-esteem. Essentially, it’s how well you know
yourself.
• Program planner
• Psychiatrist
• Psychology Teacher
• Philosopher
• Researcher
• Spiritual Counselor •
Psychologist
Sternberg’s Successful intelligence
Three abilities to meet one’s own goals
» Analytic: Analytical abilities are the skills tested in traditional IQ tests
and may be assumed to basically reflect general intelligence.

» Creative: the ability to address new ways of addressing issues and

problems; artistic creativity is not correlated with general intelligence.

» Practical: Practical abilities often involve tacit knowledge--practical

knowledge needed to do a job; e.g., a mechanic's knowledge of socket
wrenches.
Emotional Intelligence
 Daniel Goleman
– Proposed theory of emotional Intelligence
– Emotional intelligence has five components
» Knowing one’s own emotions
» Managing one’s own emotions
» Using emotions to motivate oneself
» Recognizing the emotions of other people
» Managing relationships
 What is IQ?
 Intelligence quotient (IQ): A numerical measure of a person’s
performance on an intelligence test relative to the performance of other
examinees
 Test Norms: standards of normal performance on IQ tests based on the
average & range of scores of a large, representative sample of test takers
 IQ = MA/CA = 100
Determinants of Intelligence
 50% genetic
 50% environmental
Mental Abilities and
Human Diversity
 Gender
– Overall, men and women do not differ
significantly in general intelligence
– Women may show slight advantage in
mathematical computation skills
– Men show an advantage in spatial ability
– Men are more likely to fall in the extremes of
intelligence range
Extremes of Intelligence
 Mental retardation
– Refers to a wide variety of mental deficits
– Defined as significantly sub-average general
intelligence functioning that is accompanied by
significant limitations in adaptive functioning
– Some people with retardation show savant
performance on particular skills
THANK YOU
Extremes of Intelligence
 Giftedness
– Refers to superior IQ combined with ability in
academics, creativity, and leadership
– Giftedness is often in specific areas
– “Globally” gifted people are rare