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Presented
By Nithin Raj
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˜ | is not one defined technology or

standard, but rather a collection of
technologies at creating fully packet-
switched networks optimized for data.

˜ | Networks are projected to provide

speed of 100Mbps while moving and
1 bps while stationary.
 

 
 


˜ Œt the end of the 19|0¶s, the first radio telephone
service was introduced, and was designed to
users in cars to the public land-line based
telephone network.

˜ In the 1960¶s, a system launched by Bell

Systems, called, Improved Mobile Telephone
Service (IMTS), brought quite a few improvements
such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The
very first analog systems were based upon IMTS
and were created in the late 60s and early 70s.
ë


˜ 1 refers to the first-generation of

wireless telephone technology was
developed in 1970¶s.

˜ 1 had two major improvements:

the invention of the microprocessor
the digital transform of the control link
between the phone and the cell site.
˜ Œnalog signal
[ Technology

˜ Œround 1980¶s

˜ Better quality & capacity - More people

could use there phones at the same
time

˜ Digital Signals ± consist of 0¶s & 1¶s

Previous Technology - [

˜ Digital ± consist of 0¶s and 1¶s

˜ Digital signal:
1.Low level, [.High level, 3.Rising edge
and |.Falling edge
 Previous Technology - [
˜ Digital data can be compressed and
multiplexed much more effectively than analog
voice encodings
˜ Multiplexing -multiple analog message signals
or digital data streams are combined into one
signal
˜ For 1 and [ standards, bandwidth maximum
is 9.6 Kbit/sec, (I.E) approximately 6 times
slower than an ISDN
Previous Technology - [

˜ Œllows for lower powered radio signals that

require less battery

˜ Power±CODEC introduction -program that

encodes and decodes digital data stream or
signal
Translates data from digital to analog and
vice versa
Previous Technology - [
Œdvantages in Previous
Technology - [

˜ The digital voice encoding allows digital

error checking
increase sound quality
lowers the noise level
˜ oing all-digital allowed for the
introduction of digital data transfer
SMS ±³short message service´
E-mail
Disadvantages in Previous
Technology - [

˜ Cell towers had a limited coverage

area
Jagged Decay curve
˜ Œbrupt dropped calls
˜ Œnalog ±gradual sound reduction
˜ ³Spotty´ coverage
3 Technology
˜ Large capacity and broadband capabilities

˜ Œllows the transmission of 38|kbps for

mobile systems and up to [Mbps

˜ Increased spectrum efficiency ±5Mhz

Πgreater number of users that can be
simultaneously supported by a radio frequency
bandwidth
High data rates at lower incremental cost than
[ ± lobal roaming
Previous Technology - 3

˜ CDMŒ ±Code Division Multiple Œccess

Form of multiplexing

Does not divide up the channel by time or

frequency

Encodes data with a special code

associated with each channel
Code Division Multiple Œccess
Types of Multiplexing

˜ FDMŒ ± Frequency Division Multiple

Œccess
Each phone call is allocated one
frequency for the entire duration of the
call
Types of Multiplexing

˜ TDMŒ - Time Division Multiple Œccess

Each phone call is allocated a spot in the
frequency for a small amount of time, and
"takes turns" being transmitted
Types of Multiplexing

˜ CDMŒ - Code Division Multiple Œccess

Each phone call is uniquely encoded and
transmitted across the entire spectrum, in
a manner known as spread spectrum
transmission
Reasons for New Research

˜ Even though 3 has successfully been

introduced to mobile users, there are some
issues that are debated by 3 providers and
users.
High input fees for the 3 service licenses

reat differences in the licensing terms

3 phones are expensive

Fourth eneration


| 

˜ Fourth eneration Technology

Faster and more reliable
100 Mb/s
Lower cost than previous generations
Multi-standard wireless system
Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless
Œd Hoc Networking
IPv6 Core
OFDM used instead of CDMŒ
Potentially IEEE standard 80[.11n
Most information is proprietary
Communications Œrchitecture

˜ @

:
fix access points, (i.e.) cell tower
connected by fiber, microwave, or
satellite (ISP)
˜ Œ


wireless LŒNs (i.e. internet at Starbuck¶s)
Communications Œrchitecture
˜ 


 

devices that connect to upper layers; cell phone,
fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDŒs

˜ Ñ


environmental sensors

˜ ü  


:
high speed subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic
cables and repeaters
Œd Hoc Networks
Spontaneous self
organization of networks
of devices

Not necessarily connected

to internet

| will create hybrid

wireless networks using
Œd Hoc networks

Form of mesh
networking±Very reliable
Enhance Mobile aming

˜ Experience enhance wireless capabilities

that deliver mobile gaming interaction
with less than five seconds

˜ Play online multi player games while

traveling at high speeds or sitting outside
Broadband access in Remote
location

˜ | will provide a wireless alternative

for broadband access

˜ I will provide first opportunity for

broadband access in remote locations
without an infrastructure to support
cable or DSL access.
Thanking You