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 The spiritual self
The practice of religion:
belief in supernatural being and power
- One of the basic characteristics of religion

Supernatural being is a being that is better, and more

powerful than any creature in the natural world.
Supernatural or above natural includes all that cannot
be explained by the laws of nature including things
characteristic of or relating to ghosts, gods, or other
Religious issues are important to many
adolescents. However, there are a downturn in
religious interest among college students in the
21st century from a study conducted in
America.

Religiousness was measured by the frequency

of prayer, of discussing religious teachings, of
From the study of stoppa and lefkowitz (2010),
across the first three semesters of college,
students were less likely to attend religious
services or engaged in religious activities. In
another study, it was revealed that adolescent
girls are more religious than adolescent boys
(santrock, 2014).

Various aspects of religion were found to have

positive effects among adolescents and
emerging adults.
The concept of “Dungan” (spirit of soul)
Animism – one of the oldest beliefs which is
taken from the Latin word anima meaning
breath or soul.
- the belief that everything in nature have
their own spirit or divinity.

Animistic beliefs are still present, accepted and

The ‘soul’ or spirit in the different regions of the
Philippines:
1. Kaluluwa by the tagalogs
2. Gimokud by the bagobos
3. Makatu by the bukidnons
4. Dungan by the ilonggos when the person is alive;
“kalag” or “detached”, “free”, when he is dead.
5. Ikararuwa by the ibanags
6. Kadkadduwa by the ilokanos when the soul is in
the physical body and it is seen as a constant
The soul according to the indigenous Filipino
is known as kaluluwa, ikararuwa or kararuwa.
It is taken from the root word duwa which
means two.

Two parts of soul

Physical part – where it is connected to the
body and its life
For the ibanags, the soul is the principle of life in
man. Body is the matter; soul is the form. As long as
body and soul are one unit, man is alive. Death is the
separation of the soul from the body. The body cannot
stay alive without the soul, but the soul can live
without the body.

For the ilonggos, they call the soul, Dungan which

cannot be seen by the human eye. Sometimes, the
According to the bisayans, the Dungan may leave the
body voluntarily while the person is asleep.
It is believed that whatever happens to the Dungan
happens to the physical body as well. It is also
believed that another reason for the voluntarily
withdrawal of the soul is when the body is maltreated.

The bisayans believe that the soul or Dungan is not

located in any specific part of the body. Rather, it is
It is normally weak at birth, that is why babies
are said to be susceptible to ‘usug’, that is the
unintentional transfer of disturbing vapors of a
strong body to a weak one by holding, talking
or just looking at the weaker one (magos,
1986).

Dungan needs protection and nurture. Soul-

The bisayan Dungan has a secondary meaning
of ‘willpower’. A strong Dungan is the
intellectual and psychological capacity to
dominate or persuade others to one’s way of
thinking. A person with a lot of willpower is
said to have a strong Dungan. Constant
companionship of two people may lead to a
spiritual competition between the two dungans
and the defeat to the one with weaker Dungan
(magos, 1986).

At death, Dungan leaves the body through the

nose, eyes, ears and other body orifices and
 Rituals and ceremonies
Ritual – a religious or solemn ceremony
consisting of a series of actions perfomed
according to a prescribed order
- consists of a sequence of activities
involving gestures, words, and objects,
performed in a specific place, according to a
set sequence
Rituals – formalized behaviors that is set aside
from everyday life that allow communities to
explore their religious and/or cultural worlds
through action

Rites – spoken word used in a ritual to convey

meaning and value, to evoke an image through
the use of metaphor, or elicit commitment or
loyalty to a cause, set of beliefs, community or
person/s.

They are both sacred and secular and have

Functions of rituals include:

1. A symbolic expression of actual social

relations, status, or roles of individuals in a
society
2. A transcendent, numinous (spiritual) reality
that shows the ultimate values of a
community
3. A set of behaviors and beliefs that are
symbolic of social, psychological, or
numinous realities (non-rational function)

According to van gennup (1929), the function

Ceremony – movements or gesturs expressing
feelings or beliefs beyond the limitations of
speech.
- can be elaborate or simple, formal or
intimate
- also a set of formal actions performed as
prescribed by a ritual or a custom
- may also be a conventional social gesture
 Religion, spirituality and identity

According to santrock (2014), religion is an

organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals and
symbols that increases an individual’s
connection to a sacred or transcendent other. It
is the belief in a god or in a group of gods. It
may also be reffered to as an organized system
of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to
Another description is it is an interest, a belief,
or an activity deemed to be of utmost
importance to a person or group.

William james (1902-1958) defined personal

religion as the “feelings, acts, and experiences
of individual men in their solitude, so far as
they apprehend themselves to stand in relation
Top 10 religions in the world by population

1. Christianity – 2.1 billion followers

2. Islam – 1.5 billion followers
3. Hinduism – 900 million followers
4. Buddhism – 376 million followers
5. Sikhism – 23 million followers
6. Judaism – 14 million followers
7. Bahaism – 7 million followers
8. Confucianism – 6.3 million followers
9. Jainism – 4.2 million followers
10.Shintoism – 4 million followers
Religiousness – degree by which one is
affiliated with an organized religion in terms of
the person’s participation in the prescribed
rituals and practices, connection with its
beliefs, and involvement with its community
of believers (santrock, 2014)

Spirituality – involves experiencing something

beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and
Sacred – may signify a person, an object, a
principle, or a concept that transcends the self
- can include a divine being or a divine
object that is ‘set apart’ and considered as holy
or beyond the ordinary

The reference to what religion is, also refers to

the dynamics of the meaning attached to
spirituality. It emerges as people relate to the
developmental and existential challenges of
Spiritual identity – persistent sense of self that
addresses ultimate questions about the nature,
purpose, and meaning of life.
- results in behaviors that are consonant with
the individual’s core values

Definition of a sense of spiritual identity focuses

on the individual’s construction of a relationship
to the sacred and ultimate meaning
- emerges as the symbolic religious and
spiritual content of a culture that is appropriated
by individuals in the context of their own lives
(Montgomery et al., 2006)
“a high level of spirituality leads to a
higher level of self-efficacy.”
- True from the study, “a structural equation
modelling on the factors affecting intolerance of
uncertainty and worry among a select group of
Filipino elderly” (de guzman and larracas, 2014)
-
 Magic and witchcraft
Magic – power of apparently influencing the
course of events by using mysterious or
supernatural forces
- ability to use supernatural forces to make
impossible things happen

Magician – the one who performs the magic

Derived from the old French magiciien, ‘magician
Sorcerer – translated from the Greek word
pharmakos, and carries with it the idea of
medicine, magic potions, drugs, and poison

Wizard – the one who is thought to be

acquainted with the secrets of the nonmaterial or
unseen world
Necromancer – the one who is ‘seeking unto the
dead’

Barang – Filipino term for sorcerer

- used to describe malignant sorcery or
familiar spirits
Kulam – tagalog word for ‘voodoo’ or
‘witchcraft’
- one of the most well-known aspects of
Philippine folklore
Mangkukulam – person who uses black magic or
spells on a victim

Albulario/mananambal – Filipino practitioner of

traditional medicine
- also a medicine man who is also capable of
performing sorcery
- Filipino witchdoctor, folk healer or
medicine man
Most Filipinos aside from being a superstitious
people believe in the mythical creatures of
local folklore which includes aswang,
manananggal, kapre, dwende, sirena, syokoy,
engkanto, sigbin, tikbalang, tianak and many
others.
According to local folklore, such creatures
inhabit dark forest and unexplored regions of
 Finding and creating meaning in life
Logotherapy – a term coined by victor frankl
(1905-1997), an existential philosopher
‘logos’ is a Greek word which stands for meaning
Logotheraphy – aims to help the person search for
the meaning of his existence
Logotherapist – the task is to assist and guide the
client in finding meaning to his life
Three basic principles on discovering
meaning in life

1. Meaning in life. In logotherapy, man should

see existence as experiencing life’s ups and
downs. Finding meaning in life does not mean
that people should strive to become perfect.
This principle emphasizes that in spite of the
person’s wealth, status or gender, he should
2. Will to meaning. The meaning that one
attaches to experience is not obvious. Since
the meaning varies from person to person and
situation to situation, it is quite challenging to
discover what the experience means to be
fulfilled. The meaning given to one’s life may
also vary at any given moment.
3. freedom to will. People are given the
freedom to make life choices which includes
how they respond to life events. People can
discover meaning through the values that
they attach to things connected with their
lives. Values can be creative, experiential,
and attitudinal. It is important to know that
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