Chapter 16: Acid Base Equilibria

and Solubility Equilibria

• Common Ion Effects

• Buffers

• Titration

• Solubility
 Chapter 16: Common Ion Effects

• (1) Apply LeChatelier’s Principle. Would a

common ion affect pH
• NH
3(aq) + H 2 O ↔ NH +
4 (aq) + OH -
(aq)
•
– Then Add the Common Ion
• NH4Cl(s) NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Chapter 16: Common Ion Effects
• (2) What would happen to the pH of the
weak acid solution given below if a
common ion were added?
• HC2H3O2(aq ↔ H+(aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)
– Then Add a common Ion
• NaC2H3O2  Na+ (aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)
 Sample Calculation
• (1) Calculate the pH of a 0.2 M solution of
HC2H3O2. Ka = 1.8E-5

• (2) Addition of a common ion, C2H3O2-

,would have which effect on the pH of the
weak acid? Calculate the pH when the
solution is made 0.1 M in C2H3O2-
 Chapter 16: Buffer Solutions
• Definition

• A buffer solution maintains a relatively

constant pH.
• Neutralizes any added/created acid.
• Neutralizes any added/created base.
 Buffer Combinations
• (1)Weak Base and Salt with Common Ion
• :NH3(aq) + H2O ↔ NH4+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
• NH4Cl(s) NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

• (2)Weak Acid and Salt with Common Ion

• HC2H3O2(aq ↔ H+(aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)
• NaC2H3O2  Na+ (aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)
 Problem 16.12: Page 758

• Which of the following solutions can act as

a buffer?
(a) KCN & HCN
(b) Na2SO4 &NaHSO4
(c) NH3 & NH4NO3
(d) NaI & HI
Table 15.3
 Buffer Calculations
• A 0.2M solution of HC2H3O2 is made 0.4 M
in NaC2H3O2. Calculate the pH of this
solution. Ka = 1.8E-5.

• HC2H3O2(aq ↔ H+(aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)

• NaC2H3O2  Na+ (aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)
 Buffer Calculations
• A 0.2M solution of HC2H3O2 is made 0.1 M
in NaC2H3O2. Calculate the pH of this
solution. Ka = 1.8E-5.

• HC2H3O2(aq ↔ H+(aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)

• NaC2H3O2  Na+ (aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)
 Henderson Hasselbach Equation
• Can calculate pH of a buffer from the Ka or Kb
expression.

• Or could use the rearrangements of Ka or Kb called

the Henderson Hasselbach
pH = pKa + log [common ion]/[weak acid]

pOH = pKb + log [common ion]/[weak base]

 Problem
• Calculate the pH of a buffer that is 0.12 M in lactic
acid (HC3H5O3 ) and 0.11 M in sodium lactate
(NaC3H5O3).
• Ka for lactic acid = 1.4E-4

• HC3H5O3 ↔ H+(aq + C3H5O3-

• NaC3H5O3  Na+ + C3H5O3-
 Problem
• How many moles of sodium hypobromite
(NaBrO) should be added to 1.00 L of 0.050
M hypobromous acid (HBrO) to form a
buffer solution of pH of 9.15. Assume that
no volume change occurs when the NaBrO
is added. Ka for HBrO is = 2.5E-9
 Problem
• (a) What is the ratio of HCO3- to H2CO3 in blood of
pH 7.4?
• Ka for H2CO3 = 4.3E-7

• (b) What is the ratio of HCO3- to H2CO3 in an

exhausted marathon runner whose blood pH is 7.1?

• H2CO3 ↔ H3O+ + HCO3-

• EQUILIBRIUM IS CONTROLLED BY
ENZYME!
 Problem 16.18: Page 758
• Calculate the pH of 1.00 L of the buffer 1.0
M CH3COONa/1.OO M CH3COOH before
and after the addition of: Ka = 1.8E-5

(a) 0.080 moles NaOH

(b) 0.12 moles of HCl
 Chapter 16: Titration
Why Do a Titration?

• 1. Determination of Concentration of
Unknown.
• Titrate to equivalence point so that can
calculate concentration of unknown.

• Moles acid = moles base

• indicator
 Titration: Calculations at
Equivalence Point
• 50 ml of 0.200 M HCl were required to
reach the equivalence point when added to
25.0 ml of NaOH. Calculate the
concentration of the NaOH.

• Moles acid = Moles base

Acid-Base Titrations
Strong Acid-Base Titrations
• Consider adding a strong base (e.g. NaOH) to a
solution of a strong acid (e.g. HCl).
 Titration: Calculations at
Equivalence Point
• 50 ml of 0.200 M HCl were required to
reach the equivalence point when added to
25.0 ml of NaOH. Calculate the
concentration of the NaOH.

• Moles acid = Moles base

 Chapter 16: Titration
Why Do a Titration?
• 2. Measure Data for a Titration Curve

• Can determine Ka or Kb if have

weak acid of weak base.
• Can also calculate the concentration
of the unknown acid or base from
the titration curve.
Acid-Base Titrations
Strong Acid-Base Titrations

• The plot of pH
versus volume
during a titration
is a titration
curve.
Acid-Base Titrations
Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations
 Titration Curve: Strategy for
Titration Calculations
• (1) Recognize that are calculating pH at a
step in a titration.

– Volume is constantly changing. Stoichiometry:

must work with moles.

– Smallest quantity will have completely reacted.

 Titration Curve: Strategy for
Titration Calculations
• (2) Calculate moles of acid and moles of base.
• moles = (moles/liter) (volume)

• moles HC2H3O2 = 0.150 moles/liter) (0.035 liters)

• moles NaOH = (0.150 moles/liter) (0.0175 liters)

 Titration Curve: Strategy for
Titration Calculations
• (3) If have more moles of acid than base, the acid
will determine/control the pH.

• (4) If have more moles of base than acid, the

bases will determine/control the pH.

• (5) The smaller quantity will completely react and

disappear.
• acid + base  salt + water
 Titration Curve: Strategy for
Titration Calculations
• (6) If some moles of acid remain, use
approach described in chapter 15 to
calculate the [H+].
– First decide if have strong acid or weak acid.
– Then calculate [acid].
– [acid] = moles of acid/combined volume.
– Then calculate [H+] and the pH.
 Titration Curve: Strategy for
Titration Calculations
• (7) If some moles of base remain, use
approach described in chapter 18 to
calculate the [OH-].
– First decide if have strong base or weak
base.
– Then calculate [base].
– [base] = moles of base/combined volume
 Titration Curve: Strategy for
Titration Calculations
• (7) If some moles of base remain, use
approach described in chapter 15 to
calculate the [OH-].
– First decide if have strong base or weak
base.
– Then calculate [base].
– [base] = moles of base/combined volume
 Problem
• A 20.0 ml sample of 0.200 M HBr is titrated
with 0.200 M NaOH solution. Calculate the
pH of the solution after the following
volumes of base have been added.

• (b) 19.9 ml
 Problem
• Consider the titration of 30.0 ml of 0.030 M
NH3 with 0.025 M HBr. Calculate the pH
after the following volumes of titrant have
been added. Kb = 1.8E-5

• (b) 10.0 ml
 Problem
• What is the pH of a solution
prepared by mixing exactly
30.0 ml of 0.200 M HC2H3O2
with 15.0 ml of 0.400 M KOH.
 Part B: Exp 14-B. Calculate pH of
Buffer.

• (1) Weighed 3.5 g of NaC2H3O2. mole= 136 g

• measured 2.57E-2 moles
• (2) Measured 8.8 ml of 3.0 M HC2H3O2.
• Ka = 1.8E-5
• pKa = -log (1.8E-5) = 4.74

• (3) Added 55.6 ml of water. Final volume = 64.4 ml

 Part B: Exp 14-B. Calculate pH of
Buffer.
• [NaC2H3O ] = 2.57E-2 moles/0.0556 liters =
0.462 M

• [HC2H3O ] = [3.0 moles/liter) (0.0088

liters)/0.0556 liters = 0.474 M

• pH = pKa + log (0.462/.474) = 4.72

 Addition of HCl

• Calculate pH of Buffer Made in

14-B After addition of 1.0 ml of
6.0 M HCl