02 - Principles of Steel Design

Principles of Steel Design
By Ing. Jose Diego Monroy

Spring 2020
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By Ing. Jose Diego Monroy Spring 2020
Table of Contents:
1. What is Steel design?.............................................................................................................................................. 7
2. Types of Structural Steel Shapes............................................................................................................................ 8
American Standard Beam (S-Shaped).............................................................................................................. 8
Angle (L-Shaped).............................................................................................................................................. 9
Bearing Pile (H-Shaped)................................................................................................................................... 10
Channel (C-Shaped).......................................................................................................................................... 11
Hollow Steel Section (HSS).............................................................................................................................. 11
3. Steel Beams............................................................................................................................................................ 12
Based on geometry............................................................................................................................................. 12
Based on the shape of cross section................................................................................................................... 12
Based on equilibrium conditions........................................................................................................................ 13
Based on the type of support.............................................................................................................................. 13
Simply supported beam...................................................................................................................................... 13
Cantilever beam.................................................................................................................................................. 13
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Overhanging beam...................................................................................................................................14
Continuous beam.....................................................................................................................................14
Fixed beam..............................................................................................................................................14
4. Types of Load.................................................................................................................................................. 15
POINT LOAD......................................................................................................................................... 15
DISTRIBUTED LOAD........................................................................................................................... 15
Uniformly Distributed load (UDL)................................................................................................... 16
Uniformly Varying load.................................................................................................................... 17
TRIANGULAR LOAD............................................................................................................. 17
TRAPEZOIDAL LOAD............................................................................................................ 18
COUPLED LOAD................................................................................................................................... 18
5. Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels...................................................................................................... 19
Deflection................................................................................................................................................. 19
Fatigue...................................................................................................................................................... 19
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Shear......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Buckling................................................................................................................................................... 20
Fracture.................................................................................................................................................... 21
Torsion..................................................................................................................................................... 21
Ductility................................................................................................................................................... 22
Redundancy............................................................................................................................................. 23
Hardness.................................................................................................................................................. 23
Steel Strength.......................................................................................................................................... 23
Toughness............................................................................................................................................... 23
6. Tensile Test...................................................................................................................................................... 23
7. Design Philosophies of Steel............................................................................................................................28
8. Load Factors, Resistance Factors, and Load Combinations for LRFD........................................................... 29
9. Safety Factor and Load Combination for ASD............................................................................................... 32
10. Where & when use steel structures?............................................................................................................. 33
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11. Main Steel Structure Types.................................................................................................................................. 39

Truss structure................................................................................................................................................ 39
Use of trusses in buildings............................................................................................................................. 41
12. Types of Steel trusses........................................................................................................................................... 43
Simple truss................................................................................................................................................... 43
Planar truss.................................................................................................................................................... 43
Space Frame truss ........................................................................................................................................ 44
Pratt truss...................................................................................................................................................... 44
Warren truss................................................................................................................................................... 45
North light truss............................................................................................................................................. 45
King post truss................................................................................................................................................46
Queen post truss............................................................................................................................................. 46
Flat truss........................................................................................................................................................ 46
Fink truss....................................................................................................................................................... 47
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13. Market of Steel Structure......................................................................................................................................... 47

14. Common Failures of Steel Structures....................................................................................................................... 49
Shear Failure....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Flexural Failures...................................................................................................................................................50
Compression Failures.......................................................................................................................................... 52
Tensile Failures.................................................................................................................................................... 53
15 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………....………54
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1. What is Steel design?

Steel Design, in other words specifically know as, Structural Steel Design, is a place of structural engineering used for designing of
metal systems (Steels). These systems consist of houses, schools, bridges, industrial center's, warehouses, tall buildings, stadiums
and aircraft, ships. The design and use of steel frames are generally employed inside the layout of steel. More superior structures
consist of metal plates and shells.
In structural engineering, a structure is a frame or aggregate of
portions of rigid bodies in space that shape a fitness system for
supporting masses and resisting moments. The outcomes of loads and
moments on systems are decided thru structural analysis. A metallic
structure consists of structural members which can be made of
metallic, typically with trendy cross-sectional profiles and
requirements of chemical composition and mechanical properties. The
depth of metallic beams used in the creation of bridges is commonly
governed via the most moment, and the cross phase is then verified for
shear power close to helps and lateral torsional buckling (by using
determining the distance between transverse contributors connecting
adjacent beams). Steel column contributors need to be validated as
good enough to prevent buckling after axial and moment requirements
are met.
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2. Types of Structural Steel Shapes

To grasp the full potential of structural steel, one must understand its various shapes, sizes, and potential uses. Here is an overview
of the many faces of structural steel.
American Standard Beam (S-Shaped)

Generally referred to as an S beam or also called I-BEAM. The American fashionable beam has a rolled phase with parallel flanges,
all connected by a web. The flanges on S-shaped beams are notably narrow. The designation of the beam gives the builder statistics
about every unit’s width and weight. For example, S12x50 represents a beam that’s 12 inches deep and weighs 50 pounds consistent
with foot.
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Angle (L-Shaped)
Angle beams take an L shape, with legs that come together at a 90-diploma angle. Angle beams come in same or unequal leg
sizes. An unequal leg L beam may also have one leg of 2x2x0.5 and one leg of 6x3x0.5, for example. L beams are normally used
in floor systems due to the decreased structural depth.
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Bearing Pile (H-Shaped)

When builders can’t discover a structure on a shallow basis, they use bearing piles to layout a deep basis system. Bearing piles are
H-formed to effectively transfer hundreds via the pile to the tip. Bearing piles work best in dense soils that offer maximum
resistance on the tip. Individual piles can bear greater than 1,000 tons of weight.
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Channel (C-Shaped)
Structural C channels, or C beams, have a C-shaped go section. Channels have pinnacle and bottom flanges, with a web connecting
them. C-formed beams are cost-effective answers for short- to medium-span structures. Channel beams had been at first designed for
bridges, however are popular for use in marine piers and other building applications.
Hollow Steel Section (HSS)

HSS is a metallic profile that has a hollow, tubular cross-section. HSS units can be square, rectangular, circular, or elliptical. HSS
structures are rounded, with radiuses which might be about two times the thickness of the wall. Engineers normally use HSS sections
in welded steel frames for which units experience loading in exclusive directions.
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3. Steel Beams
A beam is a structural member used for bearing loads. It is typically used for resisting vertical loads, shear forces and bending
moments.
Based on geometry:
 Straight beam – Beam with straight profile
 Curved beam – Beam with curved profile
 Tapered beam – Beam with tapered cross section
Based on the shape of cross section:
 I-beam – Beam with ‘I’ cross section
 T-beam – Beam with ‘T’ cross section
 C-beam – Beam with ‘C’ cross section
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Based on equilibrium conditions:

 Statically determinate beam – For a statically determinate beam, equilibrium conditions alone can be used to solve reactions.
 Statically indeterminate beam – For a statically indeterminate beam, equilibrium conditions are not enough to solve reactions.
Additional deflections are needed to solve reactions.
Based on the type of support:
 Simply supported beam
 Cantilever beam
 Overhanging beam
 Continuous beam
 Fixed beam
 Classification of beams based on the type of support is discussed in detail below:
Simply supported beam:

A simply supported beam is a type of beam that has pinned support at one end and roller support at the other end. Depending on the
load applied, it undergoes shearing and bending. It is the one of the simplest structural elements in existence.
Cantilever beam:
A cantilever beam is fixed at one end and free at other end.
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Overhanging beam:
A overhanging beam is a beam that has one or both end portions extending beyond its supports. It may have any number of supports. If
viewed in a different perspective, it appears as if it is has the features of simply supported beam and cantilever beam.
Continuous beam:
A continuous beam has more than two supports distributed throughout its length. It can be understood well from the image below.
Fixed beam:
As the name suggests, fixed beam is a type of beam whose both ends are fixed.
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4. Types of Load
There are three types of load. These are [4];
1) Point load that is also called as concentrated load.
2) Distributed load
3) Coupled load
POINT LOAD
Point load is that load which acts over a small distance. Because of concentration over small distance this load can may be
considered as acting on a point. Point load is denoted by P and symbol of point load is arrow heading downward
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Distributed load is that acts over a considerable length or you can say “over a length which is measurable. Distributed load
is measured as per unit length.
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TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED LOAD

Distributed load is further divided into two types.
1. Uniformly Distributed load (UDL)

2. Uniformly Varying load (Non-uniformly distributed load).
Uniformly Distributed load (UDL)
Uniformly distributed load is that whose magnitude remains uniform throughout the length. For Example: If 10k/ft load is
acting on a beam whose length is 15ft. Then 10k/ft is acting throughout the length of 15ft.
Uniformly distributed load is usually represented by W and is pronounced as intensity of udl over the beam, slab etc.
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Uniformly Varying load

Conversion of uniform distributed load to point load is very simple. By simply multiplying the intensity of UDL with its
loading length. The answer will be the point load which can also be pronounced as Equivalent concentrated load (E.C.L).
Concentric because converted load will acts at the center of span length.
Mathematically, it can be write as;
Equivalent Concentrated load = udl intensity(W) x Loading length. Uniformly varying load is further divided into two
types;
• Triangular Load
• Trapezoidal Load
TRIANGULAR LOAD
Triangular load is that whose magnitude is zero at one end of span and increases constantly till the 2nd end of the span. As
shown in the diagram;
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TRAPEZOIDAL LOAD
Trapezoidal load is that which is acting on the span length in the form of trapezoid. Trapezoid is generally form with the
combination of uniformly distributed load (UDL) and triangular load
COUPLED LOAD
Coupled load is that in which two equal and opposite forces acts on the same span. The lines of action of both the forces
are parallel to each other but opposite in directions. This type of loading creates a couple load. Coupled load try to rotate
the span in case one load is slightly more than the 2nd load. If force on one end of beam acts upward then same force will
acts downwards on the opposite end of beam.
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5. Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

Deflection
In engineering, deflection is the degree to which a structural steel is displaced under a load (due to its deformation). It may
refer to an angle or a distance. [5]
Fatigue
In materialistic properties of Steel, fatigue is the weakening resulting from cyclic loading that results in revolutionary and localized
structural harm and the boom of cracks. Once a fatigue crack has initiated, each loading cycle will grow the crack a small amount,
commonly generating striations on some parts of the fracture surface. The crack will preserve to develop till it reaches an essential size,
which occurs when the stress intensity element of the crack exceeds the fracture longevity of the material, producing rapid propagation
and typically complete fracture of the structure.
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Shear
In engineering, shear is the strength of steel in opposition to the form of yield or structural failure when steel fails in
shear. A shear load is a pressure that has a tendency to produce a sliding failure along a plane this is parallel to the
course of the force.
Buckling
Buckling is the sudden alternate in shape of a steel aspect under load along with the bowing of a column underneath
compression or the wrinkling of a plate below shear. If a structure is subjected to a gradually growing load, when the
weight reaches an essential level, a member may all at once trade form and the structure and issue is said to have
buckled.
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Fracture
Fracture mechanics is the sector of mechanics involved with the study of the propagation of cracks in steel. It uses methods of
analytical strong mechanics to calculate the driving force on a crack and people of experimental solid mechanics to signify the
material's resistance to fracture.
Torsion
In the sector of steel mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object because of an applied torque. Torsion is expressed in both the Pascal
(Pa), an SI unit for newton's per rectangular meter, or in kilos per rectangular inch (psi) at the same time as torque is expressed in
newton meters (N·m) or foot-pound force (ft·lbf). In sections perpendicular to the torque axis, the ensuing shear pressure in this
segment is perpendicular to the radius.
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where:
 T is the applied torque or moment of torsion in Nm.
 JT is the torsion constant for the section.
 r is the perpendicular distance between the rotational axis and the farthest point in the section (at the outer surface).
 ℓ is the length of the object to or over which the torque is being applied.
 φ (phi) is the angle of twist in radians.
 G is the shear modulus
 The product JTG is called the torsional rigidity wT.
 The angle of twist can be found by using:
Ductility:
Ability of a structure to go through in-elastic deformation without rupture.
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Redundancy:
it is the ability to redistribute the load. Simple beam is determinate. Fixed beam is indeterminate by 2 degrees so it has two redundant
actions. fixed supported beam is more better as indeterminate structure can redistribute the load. When load increases support becomes
plastic and it turns into a simply supported beam. But simply supported does not go through the stage of plastic hinge rather they fail
directly.
Hardness:
It is the ability to resist abrasion.
Steel Strength:
Maximum load which an object can resist. OR it is the maximum load that the steel can resist before failure. Steel is
said to be failed when it has yielded. It is thus called yield strength
Toughness:
Ability of a structure or structural component to absorb energy.
6. Tensile Test
The traits of steel which are of the most interest to structural engineers may be examined by way of plotting the consequences of a
tensile test which can be carried out with a Universal Testing Machine. If a test specimen is subjected to an axial load P, as shown in
Figure below the stress and strain can be computed as follows
f = axial tensile stress A = cross-sectional area E = axial strain L = length of specimen AL = change in length
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If the load is accelerated in increments from zero to the factor of fracture, and pressure and strain are computed at every
step, a pressure-stress curve such as the one proven in Figure may be plotted. This curve is usual of a class of steel known as
ductile, or mild, steel. The dating between stress and stress is linear as much as the proportional limit; the cloth is stated to
follow Hooke's law. A height value, the top yield factor, is quick reached after that, observed by means of a leveling off at
the decrease yield point.
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The strain then remains steady, despite the fact that the pressure continues to increase. At this degree of loading, the take a look at
specimen maintains to elongate so long as the load isn't removed, even though the load cannot be increased. This regular pressure
location is called the yield plateau, or plastic range. At a strain of approximately 12 times the strain at yield, strain hardening starts,
and further load (and stress) is required to motive additional elongation (and stress). A maximum price of stress is reached, after
which the specimen starts off evolved to "neck down" as the stress decreases with increasing strain, and fracture occurs. Although the
cross segment is reduced at some stage in loading (the Poisson effect), the unique cross-sectional region is used to compute all
stresses. Stress computed in this manner is known as engineering stress. If the original duration is used to compute the strain, it is
called engineering stress.
Steel displaying the conduct proven in Figure is called ductile due to its ability to undergo huge deformations earlier than fracturing.
Ductility can be measured via the elongation, defined as:
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The elastic limit of the steel is a pressure that lies between the proportional
limit and the upper yield point. Up to this stress, the specimen may be
unloaded without permanent deformation; the unloading might be along the
linear part of the diagram, the equal route followed for the duration of
loading. This a part of the pressure-stress diagram is called the elastic range.
Beyond the elastic restrict, unloading may be alongside a instantly line
parallel to the preliminary linear a part of the loading direction, and there will
be a permanent strain.
A common stress-strain curve for high-energy steels, that are much less ductile than the moderate steels discussed for this
reason far. Although there may be a linear elastic component and a distinct tensile strength there's no well-defined yield point.
To use these higher-energy steels in a manner regular with using ductile steels, some value of stress must be selected as a value
for F in order that the identical procedures and formulas can be used with all structural steels. Although there may be no yield
when steel is stressed past its elastic restrict after which unloaded, the direction observed to zero strain will no longer be the
original path from zero pressure; it is going to be alongside a line having the slope of the linear part of the course followed for
the duration of loading — that is, a slope equal to E, the modulus of elasticity. Thus there can be a residual strain, or everlasting
set, after unloading. The yield pressure for metallic with a strain-stress curve of the kind is known as the yield power and is
defined as the stress at the factor of unloading that corresponds to a everlasting stress of some arbitrarily defined amount. A
stress of 0.002 is
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typically selected, and this approach of determining the yield power is referred to as the 0.2% offset approach. As formerly mentioned,
the two properties normally wanted in structural metallic layout are F, and Fy, regardless of the form of the strain-strain curve and
irrespective of how F, became obtained. For this reason, the generic time period yield pressure is used, and it is able to mean both yield
point.
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7. Design Philosophies of Steel

The fundamental requirement of structural Steel design is that the required strength not exceed the available strength;
that is,
required strength ≤ available strength

In allowable strength design (ASD), a member is selected that has cross-sectional properties such as area and moment of inertia that
are large enough to prevent the maximum applied axial force, shear, or bending moment from exceeding an allowable, or permissible,
value. This allowable value is obtained by dividing the nominal, or theoretical, strength by a factor of safety. This can be expressed as
required strength ≤ allowable strength

Allowable strength = Nominal strength / Safety factor
Strength can be an axial force strength (as in tension or compression members), a flexural strength (moment strength), or a shear
strength.
If stresses are used instead of forces or moments, the relationship becomes
maximum applied stress ≤ allowable stress
This approach is called allowable stress design. The allowable stress will be in the elastic range of the Steel
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Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) is similar to plastic design in that strength, or the failure condition, is considered. Load
factors are applied to the service loads, and a member is selected that will have enough strength to resist the factored loads. In addition,
the theoretical strength of the member is reduced by the application of a resistance factor. The criterion that must be satisfied in the
selection of a member is
Factored load ≤factored strength
In this expression, the factored load is actually the sum of all service loads to be resisted by the member, each multiplied
by its own load factor. For example, dead loads will have load factors that are different from those for live loads. The
factored strength is the theoretical strength multiplied by a resistance factor.
∑ (Loads x load factors) ≤ resistance X resistance factor
8. Load Factors, Resistance Factors, and Load Combinations

for LRFD
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The Seven Combinations are
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9. Safety Factor and Load Combination for ASD
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10. Where & when use steel structures?

 Long-span structures
 Multi-storey & high-rise buildings
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 Buildings of heavy duty plants

 Tower & mast structures
 Portal frames
 Bridges
 Infrastructures
 Deployable structures
 Generalized structures: Mechanical
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11. Main Steel Structure Types

Truss structure
A truss is a structure that consists of participants organized into connected triangles so that the overall assembly behaves as a single
object. Trusses are most usually used in bridges, roofs and towers.
A truss is made up of a web of triangles joined together to allow the even distribution of weight and the coping with of converting
anxiety and compression without bending or shearing. The triangle is geometrically stable when compared to a four (or more)
-sided shape which requires that the nook joints are fixed to save you shearing.
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Trusses include triangular devices constructed with straight individuals. The ends of those individuals are connected
at joints, referred to as nodes. They are able to carry significant masses, transferring them to supporting systems
together with load-bearing beams, partitions or the ground.
In general, trusses are used to:
 Achieve long spans. Minimize the weight of a shape.

 Reduced deflection. • Support heavy masses.
Trusses are generally made up of 3 fundamental elements:
 A pinnacle chord which is generally in compression.

 A backside chord which is usually in anxiety.
 Bracing among the pinnacle and backside chords.
The top and backside chords of the truss offer resistance to compression and tension and so resistance to overall bending, even as
the bracing resists shear forces. The efficiency of trusses means that they require much less fabric to support loads as compared with
stable beams.
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Generally, the general performance of a truss is optimized by using less fabric inside the chords and more inside the
bracing elements. [6]
Use of trusses in buildings
Trusses are used in a broad range of buildings, mainly where there is a requirement for very long spans, such as in airport
terminals, aircraft hangers, sports stadia roofs, auditoriums and other leisure buildings. Trusses are also used to carry heavy
loads and are sometimes used as transfer structures. This article focuses on typical single storey industrial buildings, where
trusses are widely used to serve two main functions: [7]
 To carry the roof load

 To provide horizontal stability.
 Two types of general arrangement of the structure of a typical single storey building
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Lateral stability provided by portal trusses.

Building braced in both directions.
Longitudinal stability provided by transverse wind

Lateral stability provided by longitudinal wind girder
girder and vertical cross bracings (blue)
and vertical bracings in the gables (blue)
Longitudinal stability provided by transverse wind

No longitudinal wind girder.
girder and vertical bracings (green)
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12. Types of Steel trusses

Simple truss
This is a single triangle such as might be found in a framed roof consisting of rafters and a ceiling joist.
Planar truss
A planar truss is a truss in which all the members lie in a two-dimensional plane. This type of truss is typically used in series,
with the trusses laid out in a parallel arrangement to form roofs, bridges, and so on.
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Space frame truss

In contrast to a planar truss which lies in a two-dimensional plane, a space frame truss is a three-dimensional framework of
connected triangles.
Pratt truss
Also known as an ‘N’ truss, this form is often used in long-span buildings, with spans ranging from 20-100 m, where uplift
loads may be predominant, such as in aircraft hangers. A Pratt truss uses vertical members for compression and horizontal
members for tension. The configuration of the members means that longer diagonal members are only in tension for gravity
load effects which allows them to be used more efficiently.
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Warren truss
A Warren truss has fewer members than a Pratt truss and has diagonal members which are alternatively in tension and compression.
The truss members form a series of equilateral triangles, alternating up and down.
North light truss

This form of truss is usually used for short spans in industrial buildings, and is so called because it allows maximum benefit to be
gained from natural lighting by the use of glazing on the steeper north-facing pitch (sometimes referred to as a saw tooth roof). It is
common, on the steeper sloping portion of the truss, to have a second truss running perpendicular to the plane of the north light
truss, providing large column-free space.
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King post truss

Typically made from timber, and spanning up to 8m, king post trusses are commonly used in the construction of domestic roofs. They
take the form of a simple triangle, with a vertical member between the apex and the bottom chord.
Queen post truss
Similar to the king post truss, but with diagonal members between the center of the bottom chord and each of the inclined top chords,
queen post trusses can span 10m.
Flat truss
The top and bottom chords are parallel, allowing the construction of floors or flat roofs.
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Fink truss
The Fink truss offers economy in terms of steel weight for short-span high-pitched roofs as the members are subdivided into shorter
elements. There are many ways of arranging and subdividing the chords and internal members.
This type of truss is commonly used to construct roofs in houses.
13. Market of Steel Structure
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14. Common Failures of Steel Structures

Steel has evolved over the past 100+ years to be an extensively used material in structures. The availability, economy, high electricity
to weight ratio, ductility and elasticity are only some elements that make metal such a popular constructing material.
However, steel does have several dangers that must be considered while designing a structure. A few obstacles of metallic include
susceptibility to corrosion, reduction in energy while exposed to temperatures commonly encountered in most fires, susceptibility to
fatigue when loaded cyclically and susceptibility to buckling whilst under excessive compression and flexural stresses. [8]
In addition to these limitations, a design engineer need to make sure their metal shape is robust enough to save you the following
styles of failure:
 Shear failure
 Flexural failure
 Compression failure
 Tensile failure
Shear Failure
Shear disasters will usually arise in connections among members (i.e. Member to column connection, member to girder connection,
etc…). Designing a connection isn't an easy task. Connections typically have excessive shearing forces that an engineer must
remember when designing the connection.
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A failure can arise if the structural engineer underestimates the design pressure the connection is to withstand. Common
connections in steel structures can be made with bolts or welds or an aggregate of both.
Flexural Failures
Flexural failures arise in flexural participants together with members and girders, and, in some cases, compression participants
consisting of columns which are subjected to bending stresses. Flexural contributors generally fail whilst flexural loadings motive
the element to buckle. Because metal is strong, steel participants are designed to be slender and green which may have positioned
them vulnerable to buckling. Heavier, stocky participants are less vulnerable to buckling.
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Flexural loadings create compression and tension forces in contributors. Lateral torsional buckling happens while the excessive
compression forces reason an unrestrained section of the member to buckle and laterally displace. Providing lateral restraint to a
member helps make certain it will now not buckle. However, a member might also still fail have to the stresses attributable to a
flexural loading condition exceed the material energy of the member.
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Compression Failures
Compression failures commonly occur in compression individuals, which include columns and braces, when the compressive axial
pressure applied to the element precipitated the detail to both buckle or emerge as overstressed. Similar to beams, column and brace
contributors subjected to excessive compressive stresses may additionally experience buckling. A consideration to bear in mind when
designing a column is its slenderness ratio (ratio of cross sectional geometry to duration of member); a member with a high
slenderness ratio is more vulnerable to buckling than one with a decrease ratio. Members with low slenderness ratios may additionally
nonetheless fail while the compressive stresses exceed the material power of the member
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Tensile Failures
This failure happens usually in brace participants or hangers. This kind of failure occurs whilst the steel member is stretched to a
degree that exceeds the steel power of the members. This happens in stages, the primary being yielding, necking and then the steel
fails at the point with the least cross segment area.
Steel is a very strong fabric and very reliable in structural construction of buildings. Its effectiveness, however, is most effective
guaranteed whilst the steel is properly designed to withstand the imposed forces. Poor layout can lead to the above-referred to
screw ups of metal structures.
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About Ing. Jose Diego Monroy (JDM):

Jose Diego has performed Civil Engineering, Design-Build, Flood Protection, and Construction Management throughout the States of
California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas in the United States of America. Since 1998, He has worked on a variety of Land
Development projects, including Healthcare, Higher Education, K-12 Education, Master Planned Residential Subdivisions, Commercial,
Industrial and Transportation
José Diego Monroy, CFM

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Principles of Steel Design

By Ing. Jose Diego Monroy

11. Main Steel Structure Types.................................................................................................................................. 39

13. Market of Steel Structure......................................................................................................................................... 47

1. What is Steel design?

2. Types of Structural Steel Shapes

American Standard Beam (S-Shaped)

Bearing Pile (H-Shaped)

Hollow Steel Section (HSS)

Based on equilibrium conditions:

Simply supported beam:

TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED LOAD

1. Uniformly Distributed load (UDL)

Uniformly Varying load

Mathematically, it can be write as;

5. Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

7. Design Philosophies of Steel

required strength ≤ available strength

required strength ≤ allowable strength

If stresses are used instead of forces or moments, the relationship becomes

maximum applied stress ≤ allowable stress

∑ (Loads x load factors) ≤ resistance X resistance factor

8. Load Factors, Resistance Factors, and Load Combinations

The Seven Combinations are

9. Safety Factor and Load Combination for ASD

10. Where & when use steel structures?

 Buildings of heavy duty plants

11. Main Steel Structure Types

In general, trusses are used to:

 Achieve long spans. Minimize the weight of a shape.

Trusses are generally made up of 3 fundamental elements:

 A pinnacle chord which is generally in compression.

Use of trusses in buildings

 To carry the roof load

Lateral stability provided by portal trusses.

Longitudinal stability provided by transverse wind

Longitudinal stability provided by transverse wind

12. Types of Steel trusses

Space frame truss

North light truss

King post truss

14. Common Failures of Steel Structures

[3] “MECH TEACHER,” [Online]. Available: http://mechteacher.com/beam/.

[4] T. o. Load, “Engineering Intro,” [Online]. Available: https://www.engineeringintro.com/mechanics-of-structures/sfd-

[5] “Design & Construction of Steel Structures,” [Online]. Available: https://www.aboutcivil.org/design-of-steel-structures.html.

[6] “Designing Buildings Wiki,” [Online]. Available: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Truss.

[7] T. f. e. f. U. s. c. information, “SteelConstruction.info,” [Online]. Available: https://www.steelconstruction.info/Trusses.

[8] “Structural innoavtion,” [Online]. Available: https://www.structuralinnovations.com/structural-engineers-steel-structures/.

[9] I. MATH. [Online]. Available: https://www.intmath.com/basic-algebra/basic-algebraintro.php.

[10] WIKIVERSITY. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Algebra.

[11] “Toppr guide,” [Online]. Available: https://www.toppr.com/guides/mathsformulas/algebra-formula/.

[12] A. O. Academy, “Principles of Algebra I,” [Online]. Available: https://www.aoacademy.com/course/principles-of-

[13] R. Kurtus, “Purpose of Algebra,” 27 October 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.school-for-

[14] “Composing equations and inequalities,” [Online]. Available: https://www.mathplanet.com/education/algebra-

About Ing. Jose Diego Monroy (JDM):

José Diego Monroy, CFM

Other e-Books available by JDM Academy

3. Introduction to Differential Calculus

4. Introduction to Integral Calculus

5. Introduction to Differential Equations

6. Introduction to Statistics and Probability

7. Introduction to Engineering Mathematics

10. Introduction to Biology