PARAPHRASING

&
REFERENCING

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 Paraphrasing:
Writing in your Own Words

1. What is writing in your own words?

2. Why is writing in your own words important?
3. How do you ensure that you have written in
your own words?

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• Helps you to understand material;
• Helps you to remember material in the future;
• Helps you to use the material in new contexts;
• It indicates that the work produced is your
own.
• It helps you to avoid plagiarism.

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 Writing in your own words ...

Is when read an idea/ theory/quote and you

interpret what is being said.You then use your
own words to reflect that point.

It is much more than changing just a few words!

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Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
1. Read until you understand;
2. Paraphrase without the original;
3. Make a note of how you are going
to use this, key words to identify the
topic;
4. Check your version with the
original;
5. Use quotation marks to highlight
areas that you have used exactly;
6. Record the source beside the
paraphrase...see referencing.
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 How do you make sure that you have
written in your own words?
1. Always write notes in your own words;
2. Try to understand the material before you
take the notes;
3. Always check your notes against the original
where you took the notes from;
4. Talk to your tutor if you are unsure.

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 Referencing
• is when you acknowledge ideas that you get
from reading material.
• allows the reader to locate information that
you have discussed in the assignment.
• Not referencing leads to plagiarism.

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 When referencing is needed

1. When using ideas from other peoples‘

material;
2. When using information gathered from
interviewing;
3. When you copy the exact words from
material; and,
4. When you use diagrams, charts etc from
other material.

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 When referencing is not needed

1. When writing about your own experiences,

observations, conclusions etc.;
2. When you are using common knowledge;
and,
3. When you are writing your own experimental
results.

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 How to reference
When reading material for an assignment,
make sure you note the relevant
information so you know where you got
an idea or quotation from.
Author‘s name(s); year of publication,
title of book/paper; where published;
and, publisher.
You need this information to give a
reference in your essay/report AND for
the reference list:
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 How to reference ideas in your
essay or report:
When you have paraphrased a concept you
MUST give a reference showing:
• author‘s family name (surname)
• year of publication
EG: Wood (1997) believes that most
successful hotel managers have out-going
personalities.
OR: It is thought by some, that to be
successful, a hotel manager must be out-
going (Wood, 1997).

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How to reference quotations in your essay or
report:
When you quote (copy word for word) a
sentence or phrase, you MUST use single
quotation marks ‘xxxx’ and give a reference
showing:

• author‘s family name (surname)

• year of publication
• page number from which the quote was taken

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 Quotation example:
Wood (1997: 23) states that ‘ research shows
that 80% of hotel managers have extrovert
personality types’.
OR
...‘ research shows that 80% of hotel managers
have extrovert personality types’ (Wood,
1997: 23).

Note: fullstop AFTER the quotation mark or

reference.
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 Where to reference in your work?

All references (quote or paraphrase) should be

NEXT to the point and NOT only at the end of a
paragraph.
EG: When looking at the personalities of hotel
managers‘, ‘research shows that 80% of hotel
managers have extrovert personality types’
(Wood, 1997: 23). This means it should be fun
to work in a hotel...

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 Reference List: Books

Surname of author & initials, (Year of publication)

Title of the book, Place of publication: Publisher
of the book.
EG:
Page, S J (1999) Transport and Tourism, Harlow:
Prentice-Hall

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 Reference List: Journal Articles

Surname of author & initials (Year of publication)

‘Title of article/paper’,Title of journal, Volume
number, Issue number, page numbers of where
article appears.
EG:
Briggs, D W (2003) ‘ Why We Love Each Other’,
Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 2, Issue 4, p187-
195

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 Reference list: electronic sources
Additional to that of a journal article you must include
the following:
1.Source of journal (electronic)
2.The type of medium (e.g. CD ROM, online, etc);
3.Available from URL address; and
4.Most recent access date.
Please note the order in which they appear.
EG:
Graham, P (2004) ‘ Tourism and local communities’,
online www.tourismconcern.org. Last accessed
24.06.04
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Compiling a Reference / Bibliography List

• Reference List:
In alphabetical order (by author‘s family
name) list the FULL information (see slides
14-16) of the sources your referenced in
your essay/report
• Bibliography List:
As above PLUS all extra reading that was
done but not referred to in the text of the
assignment.
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