03-1 RF Parts and Antenna ISSUE2.0

Internal
Radio Frequency Part and

Antenna
ISSUE 2.0 www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

RF components are widely used in
wireless system, and effect performance
of network
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Upon completion this course, you will be able to:
 Understand the structure and features of
combination unit
 Master the key specifications of antenna
 Be able to choose the suitable type of RF
component

Chapter 1 RF Part in BTS
Chapter 2 Antenna
Chapter 3 Feeder and TTA

RF Device of BTS
Antenna
Antenna
stand
Jumper between
antenna and TTA Jumper between
lightening arrester
and cabinet
TTA
Lightening
arrester
TDU
Feeder
SWITCH BOX
Jumper between FAN BOX
TTA and feeder C BTS312
C T T T T
D D R R R R cabinet
U U X X X X
AIR BOX
C C T T T T
D D R R R R
U U X X X X
FAN BOX
C C
T T T T
D D R R R R
U U X X X X
P P P P P PP T T TT
S S S S S S M ME E E
U U U U U UU U S UU
AIR BOX

Introduction
 RF device in BTS includes two parts
 Indoor: combiner and splitter unit
 For example: CDU module, SCU module and EDU module

 Outdoor: antenna, feeder, TTA (tower top amplifier), jumper and lig
htning arrester

Function of Combiner and Divider
 Use one antenna to support multiple TX/RX

signals, decreases the amount of antenna and
feeder
 Complete duplexer of TX/RX and combine TX
signal filter, amplify and split the RX signal
 Provide power for TTA

CDU (Combining and Divider Unit)
Tx1 Tx/Rx_ANT
combiner duplexer
Tx2
Tx_Comb
Tx_Dup
Rx1
Rx2
divider
Rx3
Rx4
HL_out amplifier
Rx5
Rx6
Rx7 divider
Rx8 filter
HL_in RxD
RxD_out

SCU (Simple Combiner Unit)
combiner
TX1
combiner
TX2
TX3
TX4
combiner
TX -Comb

EDU (Enhance Duplexer Unit)
Tx1 duplexer Tx/Rx_ANT1
Rx1
divider
Rx2
amplifier
Rx1
divider
Rx2
amplifier
Tx2 duplexer Tx/Rx_ANT2

Functional structure of the DDPU

Functional structure of the DFCU

Functional structure of the DFCB

Comparison among Different Combining Units
Equipment Unit Combine mode Typical loss of Price comparison (per
TX (dB) TRX)
CDU Combine two TX, one step 3dB 4.5 Middle

combiner
SCU Combine four TX, one step 6.8 Low

3dB combiner
SCU+CDU Combine four TX, one step 8 Low

3dB combiner
EDU No combiner, double duplexer 1 Middle
Double CDU (without No combiner, duplexer 1 High

combiner)
Double CDU (with combiner) Combine two TX, duplexer 4.5 Middle
DDPU Double duplexer 1 Middle
DDPU+DCOM Combine four TX, double 4.5 Low

duplexer
DFCU Combine four TX, double 3.3~3.5 High

duplexer
DFCU+DFCB Combine six-twelve TX, double 3.3~3.5 High

duplexer

New Type CDU&ESCU
 ECDU
 The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX. input po

wer. It can bear up to100W input RF power
 ESCU
 The structure is the same as SCU's, but increase MAX. input po

wer. It can bear up to100W input RF power

Chapter 2 Antenna

What is Antenna?
 Radiate and receive radio wave ,convert high frequency current

to electromagnetic wave when transmitting, and convert
electromagnetic wave to high frequency current when receiving
B l a h b la h
b la h b l a h

Function
 Convert high frequency current to electromagnetic wave when

transmitting
 Convert electromagnetic wave to high frequency current when
receiving
 Antenna can not amplify the transmission power, just concentrate
RF power to one direction
Horizontal section Vertical section

Classification
 Classify by working band: UHF, VHF, microwave, etc.
 Classify by radiate pattern: omni, directional
 Classify by outline: line, pane, parabola feed
 Classify by polarization: vertical and horizontal

Radiate Pattern
directional Antenna omni direction

Outline

Polarization
vertical polarization vertical polarization dual polarization

Omni antenna directional antenna directional antenna

Radiate Pattern
Omni antenna
lobe
Direction
antenna lobe

Radiate pattern

Dipole and Isotropic
 Dipole
1/4 wave length
1/2wave length
1/4 wave length
 Isotropic
Ideal radiator with same ability on all direction!

Gain
 The radiation ability of certain antenna overtop dipole or isotropic

 Indicates the antenna feature of electromagnetic radiation in specific di
rections
 Unit: dBi/dBd
l/2 antenna
Direction antenna
dBd
theory source
dBi
dBi =dBd+2.15

Forward to Back Ratio
 The ratio of main lobe signal strength to back lobe
 This value is within 18—45dB. In urban, it is suggested to use

the antenna with high F/B ratio

Beam Angle
 HPBW: Half Power Beam Width
 Lobe angle between two points, the power of which reduce to

the half of that of the maximum radiate direction
 Vertical HPBW and Horizontal HPBW
Peak - 3dB - 3dB
15° (eg) Peak

60° (eg) Peak
Peak - 3dB
- 3dB
Vertical section Horizontal section

Down tilt
 To control coverage
 To decrease inter modulation
 Realization: electron and mechanism

Down tilt
 mechanism
 electron

Effect of Electron Down tilt
No Down tilt Electron Down tilt

Effect of Mechanism Down tilt
No Down tilt Mechanism Down tilt

Effect of different methods
10°(E) 6°(E)+ 4°(M) 10°(M)

Polarization
 The direction of electro - vector radiated by antenna. The

vertical polarization wave is vertical with the plane of ground,
and the horizontal polarization waves parallel with the plane of
ground
 Single antenna has only one polarization direction.
 Dual polarized antenna contains two single - polarized antenna

in one entity. Dual polarization antenna usually adopts +45/ -45
degree orthogonal polarization.

Polarization
VERTICAL HORIAONTAL
+ 45 - 45

Dual Polarization
V/H +/- 45°

Port Isolation
The isolation among ports should be more than 30 dB. for multi-ports
antenna, Such as dual polarization antenna
10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB
1000mW (1W) 1mW

Null Filled
 It shall apply null filled technology when zero depth is less

than main beam for 26dB.
 High gain antenna especially adopt null filled technology to
effectively improve the nearby coverage

Upper Side Lobe Suppression
Main to upper side
Main to lower side

Coupling Between Antennas
 Horizontal separation main lobe
 Sufficient decoupling distance: 5-10λ

 Antenna patterns become superimposed if
distance is too close

 Vertical separation
 Decoupling distance:1λ can provide better RX / 5 .. 10
TX decoupling
 Minimum coupling loss

Installation Examples
 Recommended decoupling
0,2m
 TX - TX: ~30dB
 TX - RX: ~40dB
 Horizontal decoupling distance de
pends on
 Antenna gain Omni-directional.: 5 .. 20m
directional : 1 ... 3m
 Horizontal rad. pattern
 Omni-directional antenna
 Use vertical separation for RX and

TX
 Use vertical separation (“fork”) for
Vertical decoupling is much more effective
RX and diversity RX

Antenna Installation
Coupling loss (dB):

Lv=28+40log(k/λ) (vertical installation)
Lv=22+20log(d/λ)-(G1+G2)-(S1+S2) (horizontal installation)
λ: wave length
K: distance at vertical
D: distance at horizontal
G1 、 G2: gain
S1 、 S2: Relative gain at line connected two antenna

Distributed Antenna System
Small
antenna
Power Small
splitter antenna
coupling Small
antenna
Small
coupling
antenna
Small
Dual direction antenna
amplifier coupling
Power coupling Power Small

BTS
BTS coupling splitter antenna
splitter
Dual direction amplifier Small

antenna

Symmetry and Asymmetry Network with Coaxial Feed
3 3
3
1.3 3
3 6
Dual direction
Tx/Rx
3 amplifier
Dual direction amplifier
0.5 3
10
3
3 3
0.5
10
3
Tx/Rx

Optical Fiber Distributed Antenna
 The optical fiber repeater is mainly adopted in the case
of wide coverage and long distance transmission
er
an sceiv
ica l tr
Opt
transceiver
signal Optical transceiver
transceiver
Optical transceiver Opti
ca l tran
sceiv
er

Leaky Feeder
 Coaxial cable with perforated leads
 It is mainly adopted for tunnel, metro and with high cost of
equipment and installing
Dual direction amplifier Matching load

Power splitter
Tx/Rx
Dual direction amplifier Matching load

Leaky Feeder
 Coaxial cable with perforated leads
 Produce constant field-strength along cable runs
 Work at wide-band
 Radiating loss become higher with high frequency
 Very large bending radius
 Formerly often used for tunnel coverage
 Expensive

Feature of Leaky Cable
 Transmission loss per hundred meter
Typical value : 10~40 dB per 100m
 Couple Loss at 1 meter distance
Typical value 55 dB (at 1m)

Comparison with Distributed Antenna
Distributed System Advantage Disadvantage Applicability

Type
Coaxial Feed Flexible High loss High building,
Low cost Business center
Reliable
Leaky feeder Flexible High cost Metro, Tunnel
Optical Low loss High cost Far area coverage
Easy installation Not flexible
Need power supply

Chapter 2 Antenna

Tower Top Amplifier
 Amplify uplink weak signal, then:
 Balance uplink and downlink
 Compensate loss of feeder
Simplex TTA duplex TTA triplex TTA

Triplex Tower Top Amplifier
triplex TTA
TX filter
BTS bypass antenna
Bias Tee
RX filter RX filter
Low noise amplifier
DC

Data Configuration of CDU
 Turn on power of TTA in CDU before installation
 TTA switch is in rear panel of CDU

 Configuration alarm threshold of TTA current before installation
 TTA current switch is in rear panel of CDU

 Configuration attenuation factor of receive signal on console
 attenuation factor of receive signal =TTA gain – feeder loss

 Simplex TTA gain:14dB, triplex TTA gain:12dB
 Don’ t use TTA if not necessary
 For the convenience of installation

 To get better lighting -proof effect

Power Switch and Current Limit
 Rear panel of KMW CDU
TTAM TTAD
OFF OFF
TTAD: power switch of diversity TTA
TTAM: power switch of main TTA switch

TTAM TTAD
1
2
TTAM TTAD 3
OFF OFF
TTAM TTAD
select current limit
1
2
3

Power Switch and Current Limit
 Rear panel of COM DEV CDU
1 2
0 3
3
2 1 0
Note:
MAIN ： main TTA switch
DIVERSE MAIN
1 2
0 3
3
2 1 0
DIVERSE ： diversity TTA switch
1 2
0 3
3 0
2 1

Feeder
 Feeder selection
 Type : 1/2” 、 7/8” 、 5/4”
 Select 5/4” in the case of feeder length is more than 80 m
and otherwise select 7/8” in 900MHz
 Select 5/4” in the case of feeder length is more than 50 m
and otherwise select 7/8” in 1800MHz
 Feeder curvature should not be so big, outer conductor
should be connected to earth
LOSS dB/100m ， (MHz) Bend
TYPE VSWR manufacturer
890 1,000 1,700 2,000 Radius (m)
LDF5 - 50A(7/8 ) 4.03 4.3 5.87 6.46 1.15 0.25 ANDREW
LDF6 - 50(5/4 ) 2.98 3.17 4.31 4.77 1.15 0.38 ANDREW
M1474A(7/8 ) 4.3 6.6 1.15 0.22 ACOME
SYFY -50 - 22(7/8 ) 4.03 5.87 6.46 1.15 0.3 609
HFC22D - A(7/8 ) 4.47 6.7 1.15 0.25 LG

In this course, we have learned:
Summary
 Combiner structure and loss
 Antenna type and feature
 TTA

Thank You
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Internal

Radio Frequency Part and

ISSUE 2.0 www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

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Chapter 3 Feeder and TTA

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 RF device in BTS includes two parts

 Indoor: combiner and splitter unit

 For example: CDU module, SCU module and EDU module

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 Use one antenna to support multiple TX/RX

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Tx1 duplexer Tx/Rx_ANT1

Tx2 duplexer Tx/Rx_ANT2

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CDU Combine two TX, one step 3dB 4.5 Middle

SCU Combine four TX, one step 6.8 Low

SCU+CDU Combine four TX, one step 8 Low

EDU No combiner, double duplexer 1 Middle

Double CDU (without No combiner, duplexer 1 High

DDPU Double duplexer 1 Middle

DDPU+DCOM Combine four TX, double 4.5 Low

DFCU Combine four TX, double 3.3~3.5 High

DFCU+DFCB Combine six-twelve TX, double 3.3~3.5 High

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 The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX. input po

 The structure is the same as SCU's, but increase MAX. input po

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Chapter 3 Feeder and TTA

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 Radiate and receive radio wave ,convert high frequency current

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 Convert high frequency current to electromagnetic wave when

Horizontal section Vertical section

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 Classify by working band: UHF, VHF, microwave, etc.

 Classify by radiate pattern: omni, directional

 Classify by outline: line, pane, parabola feed

 Classify by polarization: vertical and horizontal

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directional Antenna omni direction

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vertical polarization vertical polarization dual polarization

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1/4 wave length

1/4 wave length

Ideal radiator with same ability on all direction!

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 The radiation ability of certain antenna overtop dipole or isotropic

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 The ratio of main lobe signal strength to back lobe