ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM

(EEG)

Presented by
Vajarala
Ashikh

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 Introduction
 Electroencephalography is a technique that
records the electrical activity of the brain
 During an EEG test, small electrodes like cup or
disc type are placed on the scalp
 They pick up the brain's electrical signals and
send them to a machine called
electroencephalogram
 It records the signals as wavy lines on to a
computer screen or paper in order of microvolt

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 History of
 EEG
In 1875, Sir Richard Caton presented his findings
about electrical phenomena of the exposed
cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys
 In 1890, Sir Adolf Beck published an
investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of
the brain of rabbits and dogs

 In 1924, Sir Hans Berger recorded the first

human EEG

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 Why EEG is
used
An EEG is mainly used when there is a need to
diagnose and manage epilepsy
 It can also be used to investigate other
conditions such as encephalitis, dementia, head
injuries, brain tumors, hemorrhage
 An EEG can identify areas of the brain that are
not working properly
 EEGs are also used to determine the level of
brain function in people who are in a coma

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Parts of
Brain
 Cerebrum
 Frontal Lobe
 Parietal Lobe
 Temporal Lobe
 Occipital Lobe
 Cerebellum
 Brain stem
Parts of brain

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Source of EEG
activity  Neurons are electrically
charged by membrane
transport proteins that
pump ions across their
membranes
 When the wave of ions
reaches the electrodes on
the scalp, they can push or
pull electrons on the
metal of the electrodes
 Push or pull difference
measured as voltage across
Electrode on scalp time is referred as EEG
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Types of electrode
placement
EEG electrodes placed
separately on
scalp

EEG electrodes mounted as

special band on head

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International 10-20
System

International 10-20 System

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Closely spaced
electrodes

Closely spaced electrodes

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Types of
EEG
Routine EEG

• Around 20 electrodes are stuck to the scalp using a special

paste and EEG signals are recorded

Sleep EEG

• The EEG tracing will be recorded along with the heart rate,
airflow, respiration, oxygen saturation and limb movement

Ambulatory EEG

• It involves recording the brain activity throughout the day and

night
• A small portable EEG recorder is clipped on to the clothing

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Types of EEG
electrodes

Ear clip electrode

Disk electrodes

Intracortical electrodes

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 Schematic diagram of an EEG machine
Electrode Amplifiers
Montage Filters
Selector
Hi-pass Low-pass Notch Sensitivity

Electrode
test/calibrat
e
Analog to digital Writer unit
converter
Jackbox Chart Ink-writing
oscillograph
Oscilloscope Computer drive
Electrodes

EEG
Subject
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Montages
Sequential montage
• Each channel represents the difference between
two adjacent electrodes
Referential montage
• Each channel represents the difference between a
certain electrode and a designated reference electrode

Average reference montage

• The outputs of all of the amplifiers are summed and
averaged

Laplacian montage
• Each channel represents the difference between an electrode
and a weighted average of the surrounding electrodes 13
 Wave
 patterns
Delta waves
 Frequency range 0.5-4 Hz
 Slow-sleep wave for adults

 Theta waves
 Frequency range 4-7 Hz
 Drowsiness in older children and adults

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 Alpha waves
 Frequency range from 7-14 Hz
 Closing of the eyes, relaxation and attenuation with
eye opening or mental exertion

 Mu rhythm
 Frequency range from 8-13 Hz
 Shows rest-state motor neurons

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 Beta waves
 Frequency range 15 – 30 Hz
 Active, busy, or anxious thinking, active concentration

 Gamma waves
 Frequency range approximately 30–100 Hz
 Perception that combines two different senses, such as
sound and sight
 Short-term memory matching of recognized objects,
sounds, or tactile sensations

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EEG displaying
epilepsy

EEG waveforms detecting epileptic spikes

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EEG
Results
Normal EEG
 A brainwave pattern called
alpha rhythm should be
seen when sitting quietly
with eyes closed
 EEG results are
often normal because
recording a person's brain
activity during the times it
is abnormal is difficult
Abnormal EEG
 People with epilepsy may
have abnormal brain
activity detected
 People who do not
have epilepsy may also
have an abnormal EEG
result indicating any
other disorder
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EEG
Artifacts • Mains voltage of 110/230 volts, exceeds the EEG's 50
Mains to 100 microvolts by 126dB
• Amplifier notch filters are designed to suppress a
Interference certain amount of mains interference

• Eye-induced artifacts - eye blinks, eye movements

Biological • ECG and EMG induced artifacts
Artifacts • Glossokinetic artifacts

• Movement by the patient, or even settling of the

Environmental electrodes
• Presence of an IV drip that can cause rhythmic,
Artifacts fast,
low-voltage bursts, which may be confused for
spikes 19
Mains interference artifacts

Eye blink artifacts

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Artifact
correction
 Independent component analysis techniques
have been used to correct or remove EEG
contaminants
 This would result in clean EEG by nullifying
(zeroing) the weight of unwanted components
 Surface Laplacian has been shown to be
effective in eliminating muscle artefact

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 Risks and

Precautions
Slight redness may occur in the locations where
the electrodes were placed
 In rare cases, the cleaning liquid or paste may
cause temporary skin irritation
 The person is instructed not to take food that
contains caffeine
 Not to have oiled hair on the day of test

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 Advantages
 Hardware costs are significantly lower than those of
most other techniques
 EEG has very high temporal resolution, on the order
of milliseconds rather than seconds
 Extremely non-invasive
 EEG is silent, which allows for better study of the
responses to auditory stimuli
 EEG does not involve exposure to high-intensity
(>1 Tesla) magnetic fields

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 Disadvantages
 Low spatial resolution on the scalp
 EEG determines neural activity that occurs
below the upper layers of the brain
poorly
 Often takes a long time to connect a subject to
EEG
 Signal-to-noise ratio is poor

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 Uses of
 EEG
Clinical Use
 Distinguish epileptic seizures from non-epileptic
seizures, syncope (fainting) and sub-cortical
movement disorders
 To serve as an adjunct test of brain death
 To determine whether to use anti-epileptic
medications
 Research Use
 Cognitive science, cognitive psychology,
neuro - linguistics and psycho physiological
research
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 Some more
 uses
Investigate epilepsy and locate seizure origin
 Monitor cognitive engagement (alpha rhythm)
 Monitor human and animal brain development
 Test epilepsy drug effects
 Test afferent pathways (by evoked potentials)
 Investigate sleep disorder and physiology
 Control anesthesia depth

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Modern clinical EEG
system
 It is a 36 channel cEEG system
The system incorporates digital
video with the traditional EEG
 It is unaffected by electrical,
radio and magnetic interference

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 Research on infant
 attention
The goal of the research was to examine the
role of the brain in development of infant
attention
 Baby with EEG recording net that
measures 128 channels of EEG
activity
 Pictures and movies with sounds
were shown to check baby’s
response

Baby with EEG

infantlab.psych.sc.ed2u8
Recent
Development

InteraXon EEG Headset

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 Software for
 EEG
EEG recording can be analyzed using various
programs
 EEGLAB
 Fieldtrip
 NBT
 Tucker-Davis Technologies
 Brainvision Analyzer

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 Companies
 Some of these companies have built commercial
EEG devices
 NeuroSky
 OCZ Technology
 Square Enix
 Mattel
 Emotiv

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 Future
scope

Telepathic Helmets

Neuroheadset

Future Portable EEG

 EEG has future advances in clinical, research, military & gaming industry
 Honda is attempting to develop a system to enable an operator to control
its Asimo robot using EEG
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 References
 Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation-R.S Khandpur, 2nd edition
 Haas, L F (2003). "Hans Berger (1873-1941), Richard Caton (1842-
1926), and electroencephalography". Journal of Neurology,
Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
 www.nhschoices.com
 infantlab.psych.sc.edu
 www.ece.mcmaster.ca
 guile3d.com
 viasyshealthcare.com
 24megabytes.com
 tuckerdavistechnologies.com
 thefuturist.com
 E. Niedermeyer, F. H. Lopes da Silva. 1993. Electroencephalography:
Basic principles, clinical applications and related fields, 3rd edition,
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

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Thank
you
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