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The  
   system is comprised of the heart, veins, capillaries,
arteries, lymph vessels, and lymph glands, which work together to

 the body tissues with 
 and    materials.

  of the circulatory system:
i. Distribute 
 ,
ii. Transport and exchange  and  ,
iii. Remove   materials,
iv. Distribute    of endocrine glands,
v. Regulate body  
.
vi. Prevent excessive 
vii. Prevent  
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The  is a funnel-shaped, hollow, muscular organ that is responsible for pumping blood to
all parts of the body.
The heart is located near the center of the   cavity between the lungs and is contained in
the pericardial sac.
The broad end, or base, of the heart is also supported by large    and &.
The pointed end, or apex, of the heart is directed toward the abdomen.
The heart wall is made up of three layers
‡ % 
 ± outer layer of heart wall, which is also the inner layer of epicardial sac;
‡ % 
 ± inner layer that consists of endothelial cells, which line the heart, covers the
heart valves, and lines the blood vessels.
‡  
 ± middle layer composed of cardiac muscle.
‡The   muscle is an &
  , striated muscle with fibers that intertwine.
In mammals and birds, the heart is divided into a right and left side and each side is divided into
an  
 and & .
Therefore, the heart is said to have 
  (right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and
left ventricle).
The  & 
 && (AV valve) separate the atrium and ventricle
on each side of the heart.
The AV valves have flaps of tissues, called leaflets or cusps, which open
and close to ensure that the blood flows only in one direction and does not
backflow into the atriums.
The AV valve on the right side of the heart is called the 
 valve
because it has three leaflets (cusps).
The AV valve on the left side of the heart is called the 
 valve (or
mitral valve) because it has two leaflets.
The 
  valve and the   valve prevent blood from back-flowing
into their respective & .
The 
 && is located between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery.
The  && is located between the left ventricle and the aortic artery.
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a. blood vessels that carry blood, rich in oxygen, from the heart to other parts of the body.
b. The large arteries have thick walls of elastic-like tissue that enables them to withstand the
blood pressure created by the heart¶s beating.
c. As the arteries extend away from the heart, they branch out into smaller arteries called
  .
d. The smaller arteries¶ walls are composed of large amounts of smooth muscle instead of
the elastic tissue.
e. Arterioles branch into smaller vessels called  .
f. At this junction, the arterioles have an especially thick layer of smooth muscle in their walls
that carefully controls the amount of blood each capillary receives.
 
a. tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and are located in all body
tissues.
b. Capillaries are so small in diameter that blood cells pass through in a single file.
c. The semi-permeable membrane of capillary walls allows 
 , , and   to
diffuse from the blood to the tissues.
d. Waste products, like  , diffuse from the tissues into the blood.
ënce  passes through the capillary beds, it begins its return to the heart.
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a. The blood vessels that return blood to the heart from all parts of the body.
b. Capillaries unite to form small veins called &
.
c. The venules join together to form larger &, which have thin walls and are
collapsible.
d. For each artery, there is a much larger vein counterpart.
( ' have valves that aid the return flow of blood and prevent the blood from
reversing flow.
f. These valves allow for muscle contractions and movement of body parts.
g. The valves also assist the return flow of blood to the heart when blood
pressure is low.
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Constituents of Blood
O

Clear, watery part of the blood

containing nutrients, salts, enzymes,
and carbon dioxide.
O

Contains red blood cells, white

blood cells, and platelets.
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 (
!%$#)m An iron-containing
protein in red blood
cells that binds
chemically to
oxygen molecules
& assists the red
blood cells with
transporting
oxygen to the
body¶s cells.
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" Broken pieces of cells that
help in the clotting
process
Produced in the bone
marrow

Fibrin: threadlike protein that is released by platelets

Fibrin:
and it traps cells and forms blood clots

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'
 
-.

Xylem transports
water & dissolved
minerals from roots
to leaves.

Phloem transports
food (sugar) made in
leaves to all other
parts of the plant.
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wistribution of
vascular bundles in
roots

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Xylem & phloem tissues in stems.
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wistribution of vascular bundles in leaves.

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6ranspiration:
6he loss of
water vapour
from the
stomata.
 _ater is drawn
up the xylem in
the stem by
three factors:
 Root pressure
3) 6ranspiration 2) Capillary
pull action  Capillary action
1) Root pressure
 6ranspiration
pull
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ARY.

Differences between an artery and a vein

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 Differences between Red blood and White blood cells
ë RED BLëëD CELL WHITW BLëëD CELL
1 no nuclei have nuclei
appear red contain red pigment not appear red -not have
2
called haemoglabin haemoglobin calourless
3 bone marrow produces bone marrow produce
carry oxygen-haemoglobin easy
to protect the body from any
4 combine with oxygen
germs that set into the blood
from oxyhaemoglobin
disc-shape -middle portion not disc shaped
5
pushed in cbieoncare
6 larger surface area to absorb oxygen bigger size than red blood

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