ILLUMINATI

ON
 Luminous Flux () is the light energy radiated out
per second from the body in the form of luminous
flux. The unit of luminous flux is lumen (lm)

Luminous Intensity (I) or Candle Power of a

point source in any particular direction is given by
the luminous flux radiated out per unit solid angle
(steradian) in that direction. The unit of flux is
lumen and solid angle is steradian, then the unit of
luminous intensity is lumen/steradian (lm/sr) or
candela (cd) or candle

 
Generally, the luminous intensity of a source is different in different directions. The average candle
power of a source is the average of its candle power of its candle power in all directions.

I = total flux in lumens / 4 =  / 4

 EXAMPLE;
What is the luminous intensity of 200 W tungsten lamp whose efficiency is 18
lm/W.

Soln.;
 = 200 W x 18 lm/W
= 3600 lm

I=/4
= 3600 / 4
= 286 cd
 LAW OF ILLUMATION
The illumination (E) of a surface depends upon the following factors. The source is assumed to be a point
source.

 
• E is directly proportional to the luminous intensity I of the source (E ∞ I)

• The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the surface from the source. (E ∞

1/d2)

• E is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle made by the normal to the illuminated surface with the direction of

the incident flux. (E ∞ cos)

FORMULA :

E = I cos / d2
 I

  𝛉
Normal line Incident flux

Surface

 
E = I cos / d2
 E I d

Lux (lx) Candle Meter Degree

Foot-candle (fc) Candle Foot Degree

Phot Candle Centimeter degree

Note: Meter-candle is the same as lux

 EXAMPLE:
What is the illumination on a surface 3 m below a 150 W incandescent lamp that emits a
luminous flux of 2275 lm?

Given:
d=3m
I
 = 2275 lm
P = 150 W  = 0

Soln.;
I=/4 d=3m
= 2275 / 4
= 181 cd
E
E = I cos / d2
= 181 cos(0) / 32
= 20.11 lx
 EXAMPLE:

A point source unshaded electric lamp of luminous intensity 100 candles is 4 ft above the top of a
table. Find the illumination of the table at a point 3 ft from the point directly below the lamp.

 Soln; I

d2 = 32 + 42 d
= 5 ft
Cos = adjacent side / hypotenuse 4 ft
=4/5
E

E = I cos / d2 3 ft
= 100( 4/5) / 52
= 3.2 fc