Repeatability & Reproducibility

Repeatability and Reproducibility (R & R) Studies

Evaluate the precision of a measurement system.
It is important that the gauge be properly calibrated
Before starting the Gauge R & R Study.
Precision and Accuracy
Precision
Is the closeness of agreement between randomly selected
individual measurement or test results.

Precision

Repeatability Problem: Reproducibility Problem:

The same person (or station) Different people (or stations)
can’t get the same result can’t agree on the result
twice on the same subject obtained on the same subject

Within Inspector Error between Inspector Error

Gauge Repeatability & Reproducibility
• Gage R&R is a study to measure the measurement error in
measurement systems.

• The 10% rule tells us that

if the percent of tolerance consumed by the R&R does not
exceed 10%, the measurement system is excellent.

• R&R = 15% means that 15% of the variation in

product measurements is due to the measurement
System.
 Total observed variance
• Each independent component of the model is variable:

– Product quality characteristic -

– Gauge, measurement error - X  N (  ,  product

2
)

  N  0,  gauge
2

• Total observed variance in product quality characteristic
measurements:

 2
total  2
product  2
gauge
 Gauge variance
• If more than one operator used in study then
measurement (gauge) error has two components
of variance:
 2
total  2
product  2
gauge

repeatability
2
 reproducibiliy
2

• Repeatability:
–
 r2e p e a t a b i l i t y - Variance due to measuring instrument
• Reproducibility:
–
 2 - Variance due to different operators
r e p r o d u c ib ility
Experiments to estimate the components

 2
 2
r e p e a ta b ility & r e p r o d u c ib ility

are called:
gauge repeatability and reproducibility studies
(gauge R&R studies).
 Repeatability & Reproducibility
Report
n - number of parts r – number of operators
For example :
2 operators, r=2 j=1…r
10 items , n=10 i=1…n
10 2

 R i  R j
Ri  X max  X min R  i1
R 
j1
j
10 2
10 10 2

 X 1st   X 2nd
i i X
j 1
j

Xj  i 1 i 1 X
10  10 2
 Average and Range method
Repeatability = Equipment Variation
R
Standard deviation for Repeatability  E .V . 
d2
Where d2 is a factor that depends on the number of trials (sample size):

n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

d2 1.128 1.693 2.059 2.326 2.534 2.704 2.847 2.970 3.078

0.9987   (3)
0.995   (2.576)  2  2.576  5.15 Trials 2 3 4
K1 4.56 3.05 2.50
R
E.V .  5.15   EV  5.15     K1  R
 d2 
 

% E .V .  100   E .V . /  Tolerance  USL  LSL   

!‫ הנגרמת ע"י הציוד‬,‫ בטווח הסיבולת‬,‫זהו החלק של השונות‬
 Average and Range method
Reproducibility = Appraiser Variation

X max  X min X diff

Standard deviation for Reproducibility  A.V .  *
 *
d2 d2

A.V .  ( X dif  K 2 ) 2  [( E .V .) 2 /( n  r )] n  number of partes

r  number of trails
Operators 2 3 4

K2 3.65 2.70 2.30

% A.V .  100   A.V .  /  Tolerance   USL  LSL   

 Combined Gage Variation
CGV  ( E.V .) 2  ( AV
. .) 2  R & R

R&R
 R&R 
5.15

% R & R  100  R & R  /  Tolerance  