Analyze the theory of

teaching reading

• Dwi Hayuningtias (18.1.01.08.0003)

• Suci Ramadhani (18.1.01.08.0004)
• Aquilla Fahrani R (10.1.01.08.0022)
1. EXPLAIN CONCEPT OF TEACHING READING
a. Bottom-up and top-down processing

Bottom-up processing (data-driven): It requires a sophisticated

knowledge of the language itself.
Top-down processing (conceptually driven): We draw on our
own intelligence and experience to understand a text. Because
both processes are important, a combination of top-down
(predict probable meaning) and bottom-up (check really what
the writer says) processing (Interactive reading) is a primary
ingredient in successful teaching
methodology.

b. Schema theory and background knowledge

Schema Theory: A text does not by itself carry meaning. The

reader brings information, knowledge, emotion experience,
and culture (schemata) to the printed word. Skill in reading
depends on the efficient interaction between linguistic
knowledge and knowledge of the world.
c. The role of affect and culture

Affective factors play major roles in ultimate success.

Love, self-esteem, autonomy, and culture

d. The power of extensive reading (free voluntary reading)

Reading for pleasure and reading without looking up all

the unknown words were both highly
correlated with overall language proficiency. An extensive
reading component in conjunction
with other focused reading instruction is highly warranted.

e. Adult literacy training

Literacy-level teaching of adults

A significant number of immigrants in the United States
are non-literate in their native languages.
2. explain what kinds of reading should students do

The greatest controversy has centred on whether the

texts should be ‘authentic’ or not, because people have
worried about more traditional language-teaching materials
which tended to look artificial & to use over-simplified
language which any native speakers would find comical and
untypical.
 There is some authentic written material which beginner
students can understand to some degree: menus, timetables, signs
and basic instruction, for example, and where appropriate, teacher
can use these. But for longer prose, teacher may want to offer
their students texts which, while being like English, are
nevertheless written or adapted especially for their level.

The topics & types of reading text are worth considering. A lot
will depend on who the students are. If they’re all business
people, the teacher may well want concentrate on business texts.
If they are science students, reading scientific texts may be a
priority. But if, as is often the case, they are mixed group with
differing interest and careers, a more varied died is appropriate.
3. identify genre of written language and their
characteristic
a. Performance f. Vocabulary
b. Processing time e. Complexity
c. Distance g. Formality
d. Orthography
4. identify microskills of reading comprehension
1. discriminate among the distinctive graphemes & orthographic pattern
of English.
2. retain chunks of language of different lengths in short-term memory.
3. process writing at an efficient rate of speed to suit the purpose.

4. recognize a core of word., and interpret word

order pattern & their significant.
5. recognize grammatical word classes (noun,
verbs, etc), systems (e.g., tense, agreement,
pluralization), pattern, rules, and elliptical form.
6. recognize that a particular meaning may be
expressed in different grammatical forms.
5. analyse strategies for reading comprehension

a. Identify the purpose in reading

b. Use graphemic rules and patterns to aid in bottom-up decoding (for
beginning level learners)
c. Use efficient silent reading techniques for relatively rapid comprehension
(for intermediate to advanced levels)
_ Don’t need to pronounce each word to yourself
_ Visually perceive more than one word at a time
_ Skip over unknown words and inter their meaning from its context
d. Skim the text for main ideas

e. Scan the text for specific information (schedules, manuals, forms, etc)

f. Use semantic mapping or clustering

The strategy of semantic mapping, or grouping ideas into
meaningful clusters, helps the reader to provide some
order to the chaos. (see p. 309)
g. Guess when you aren’t certain
h. Analyse vocabulary
i. Distinguish between literal and implied meanings (see p.
310)
This requires the application of sophisticated top-down
processing skills.
-Bill walked into the frigid classroom and immediately
noticed Bob, sitting by the open window. “Brrr!” he
exclaimed, simultaneously eyeing bob and the open
windows, “It’s sure cold in here, Bob.” Bob glanced up from
his book and growled, “Oh, all right, I’ll close the window.”
-The policeman held up his hand and stopped the car.
-Mary heard the ice cream man coming down the street,
She remembered her birthday money and rushed into the
house….

j. Capitalize on discourse markers to process relationships

(see p. 311)
6. Types of classroom reading performance

1. Oral and silent reading

At the beginning and intermediate levels, oral
reading can:
a. Serve as an evaluative check on bottom-up
processing skills,
b. Double as a pronunciation check, and
c. Serve to add some extra student participation if
you want to highlight a certain short segment of a
reading passage.
For advanced levels, usually only advantage (c) can
be gained by reading orally because the
disadvantages of too much oral reading can easily
come into play:

a. Oral reading is not a very authentic language

activity.
b. While one student is reading, others can easily
lose attention (or be silently rehearsing the next
paragraph!).
c. It may have the outward appearance of student
participation when in reality it is mere recitation.
2. Intensive and extensive reading
Silent reading may be subcategorized into intensive
and extensive reading. Intensive reading is usually a
classroom-oriented activity in which students focus on
the linguistic or semantic details of a passage.
Intensive reading calls students' attention to
grammatical forms, discourse markers, and other
surface structure details for the purpose of
understanding literal meaning, implications, rhetorical
relationships, and the like. Intensive reading also may
be a totally content-related reading initiated because
of subject-matter difficulty. A complex cognitive
concept may be "trapped" inside the words of a
sentence or paragraph, and a good reader will then
very slowly and methodically extract meaning
therefrom.
Extensive reading is carried out to achieve a general
understanding of a usually somewhat longer text (book,
long article, or essays, etc.). Most extensive reading is
performed outside of class time. Pleasure reading is
often extensive. Technical, scientific, and professional
reading can, under certain special circumstances, be
extensive when one is simply striving for global or
general meaning from longer passages. By stimulating
reading for enjoyment or reading where all concepts,
names, dates, and other details need not be retained,
students gain an appreciation for the affective and
cognitive window of reading: an entrée into new
worlds. Extensive reading can sometimes help learners
get away from their tendency to overanalyze or look up
words they don't know, and read for understanding.
7. Principles for designing interactive reading
techniques
1. In an interactive curriculum, make sure that you don't overlook the importance
of specific instruction in reading skills.
There is much to be gained by your focusing on reading skills. This chapter has
provided some guidelines on how to direct that focus. It is important to make
sure that your students have ample time for extensive reading. Sustained
silent reading allows them to develop a sense of fluency. Also, silent reading
then becomes an excellent method for self-instruction on the part of the
learner.
2. Use techniques that are intrinsically motivating.
One popular and intrinsically motivating approach to reading
instruction is the Language Experience Approach (LEA), where
students create their own material for reading. Other approaches in
which learners are given choices in selecting reading material offer a
degree of intrinsic motivation. Carefully sequenced readings and
instructional strategies that are success-oriented give further
intrinsic involvement in the process. Another way to enhance
intrinsic motives is to offer opportunities for learners to gauge their
progress through periodic instructor-initiated and self-assessments.
3. Balance authenticity and readability in choosing texts.
It is important to distinguish between (a) simple texts and (b) simplified texts
and to understand sources of complexity in reading material. Authentic simple
texts can either be devised or located in the real world. From ads to labels to
reports to essays, texts are available that are grammatically and lexically simple.
Simplifying an existing potential reading selection may not be necessary. Yet if
simplification must be done, it is important to preserve the natural redundancy,
humor, wit, and other captivating features of the original material. Sometimes
simplified texts remove so much natural redundancy that they actually become
difficult. And what you perceive as textual complexity may be more a product of
background schemata than of linguistic complexity.
Christine Nuttall (1996) offered three criteria for choosing reading texts for
students: (1) suitability of content: material that students will find interesting,
enjoyable, challenging, and appropriate for their goals in learning English; (2)
exploitability: a text that facilitates the achievement of certain language and
content goals, that is exploitable for instructional tasks and techniques, and that
is Integra table with other skills (listening, speaking, writing); (3) readability: a
text with lexical and structural difficulty that will challenge students without
overwhelming them.
4. Encourage the development of reading strategies.
Ten different reading strategies have been discussed before (strategies for
reading comprehension).

5. Include both bottom-up and top-down techniques.

Learners can indeed benefit from studying the fundamentals. Make sure that you
give enough classroom time to focusing on the building blocks of written
language, geared appropriately for each level.

6. Follow the "SQ3R" sequence.

A process consisting of the following five steps:
1. Survey: Skim the text for an overview of main ideas.
2. Question: The reader asks questions about what he or she wishes to get
out of the text.
3. Read: Read the text while looking for answers to the previously
formulated questions.
4. Recite: Reprocess the salient points of the text through oral or written
language.
5. Review: Assess the importance of what one has just read and incorporate
it into long-term associations.
7. Subdivide your techniques into pre-reading, during-reading, and after-
reading phases.
A good rubric to keep in mind for teaching reading is the
following three-part framework:
a. Before you read: Spend some time introducing a topic,
encouraging skimming, scanning, predicting, and activating
schemata.
b. While you read: Not all reading is simply extensive or
global reading. There may be certain facts or rhetorical
devices that students should take note of while they read.
Give students a sense of purpose for reading rather than just
reading because you ordered it.
c. After you read: Comprehension questions are just one
form of activity appropriate for post-reading. Also consider
vocabulary study, identifying the author's purpose, discussing
the author's line of reasoning, examining grammatical
structures, or steering students toward a follow up writing
exercise.
8. Build in some evaluative aspect to your techniques.

Consider some of the following overt responses that indicate

comprehension:

1. Doing-the reader responds physically to a command.

2. Choosing-the reader selects from alternatives posed orally or in
writing.
3. Transferring-the reader summarizes orally what is read.
4. Answering-the reader answers questions about the passage.
5. Condensing-the reader outlines or takes notes on a passage.
6. Extending-the reader provides an ending to a story.
7. Duplicating-the reader translates the message into the native
language or copies it (beginning level, for very short passages only).
8. Modeling-the reader puts together a toy, for example, after reading
directions for assembly.
9. Conversing-the reader engages in a conversation that indicates
appropriate processing of information.
8. Principles behind the teaching of reading

1. Reading is not a passive skill.

2. Students need to be engaged with what they are reading.

3. Students should be encouraged to respond to the content of a reading text

not just to the language.

4. Prediction is a major factor in reading.

5. Match the task to the topic.

6. Good teachers exploit reading texts to the full.

9. Teaching Procedure
The following are some famous reading procedures that were developed to help learners
deal with reading comprehension.
1. SQ3R
The SQ3R method is a step-by-step strategy for effective reading. It was
introduced by Francis P. Robinson, an American education philosopher in his 1946
book Effective Study. SQ3R stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review.
Teachers help students use this strategy to do the following:
2. Standard reading exercise
The standard reading exercise consists of teaching learners a series of
questions that can be used with any text. The questions are meant to
train the learners to the most important reading skills, such as
predicting, finding the main idea of each paragraph, identifying the
writer’s purpose, thinking critically about the content of the text, etc.
(Nation, 2009, p. 37).

3. Reciprocal teaching
Palincsar and Brown (1986, cited in Nation, 2009) designed a
procedure which they coined “reciprocal teaching”.
4. Concept-oriented reading instruction (CORI)

Nation (2009) describes concept-oriented reading instruction (CORI) as

an integrated strategy approach to reading comprehension (Guthrie,
2003). This involves training learners to use a set of strategies through
the sequence of modeling, scaffolding and guided practice. These
strategies include:

1. activating background knowledge,

2. questioning, searching for information,
3. summarizing,
4. organizing graphically,
5. and structuring stories.
10. Example of reading lesson

For beginner:
10. Example of reading lesson
ThankYou