Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Example:
Example:
EXERCISES:
Directions: Using the following format, make complete syllogisms of the enthymemes given
below. First pick out the conclusion, expressing it if it not already given. Then fill in the other
members, supplying those that are not expressed. Finally criticize the examples by applying to
them the various rules of inference.
EXAMPLE
The open shop is good for unions because it makes them more democratic.
Major: Whatever makes unions more democratic is good for unions.
Minor: But the open shop (is something that) makes unions more democratic.
Concl:
Therefore the open shop is for unions.
Example:
Example:
Example:
All A is B;
All B is C;
All C is D;
All D is E;
Therefore, All A is E.
Goclenian (or regressive) Sorites - the same premises occur, but their
order is reversed.
Example:
All A is B;
All C is A;
All D is C;
All E is D;
Therefore, All E is B.
One who will not sacrifice truth for power is a responsible person.
One who is a paragon of honesty will not sacrifice truth for power;
One who is worth emulating is a paragon of honesty;
A model of decency is worth emulating;
Therefore, A model of decency is a responsible person.
SPECIAL TYPES OF SYLLOGISM
2.) If A, then B;
If B, then C;
If C, then D;
If D, then E;
Therefore, If not E, then not A.
SPECIAL TYPES OF SYLLOGISM
3.) If A, then B;
If B, then C;
If C, then D;
If D, then E;
but A:
Therefore, E.
4.) If A, then B;
If B, then C;
If C, then D;
If D, then E;
but not E;
Therefore, If not E, then not A.
EXERCISES:
1. The human soul is endowed with intellect and will; what is endowed with intellect and
will is spiritual; what is spiritual is incorruptible; and what is incorruptible is
immortal; therefore the human soul is immortal.
2. The more you exercise, the hungrier you get; the hungrier you get, the more you eat; the
more you eat, the fatter you get; the fatter you get, the less you move around;
therefore, the more you exercise, the less you move around.
3. Peace begets prosperity; prosperity begets pride; pride begets war; war begets poverty;
therefore peace begets poverty.
4. Education implies teaching; teaching implies knowledge; knowledge is truth; the truth is
everywhere the same; hence, education should be everywhere the same.
5. The prudent man is temperate; the temperate man is constant; the constant man is
unperturbed; buy he who is unperturbed is without sadness; and he who is without
sadness is happy; therefore, the prudent man is also happy.
SPECIAL TYPES OF SYLLOGISM
Example:
Jesus will either urge that she be stoned to death or that she be
released without stoning.
If he urges the first, he will make himself unpopular with
the people because of his severity;
But
If he urges the second, he will get into trouble with the
Jewish authorities for disregarding the law of Moses.
Therefore, he will either become unpopular with the people or get
into trouble with the Jewish authorities.
CONSTRUCTIVE DILEMMA
(The disjunctive proposition posits the antecedents of the conditional
propositions; the conclusion posits their consequence)
Either A or B. Either A or B.
if A, then Z. if A, then X.
But But
if B, then Z. if B, then Y.
Therefore, Z. Therefore, either X or Y.
SPECIAL TYPES OF SYLLOGISM
Example:
Example:
DESTRUCTIVE DILEMMA
(The disjunctive proposition sublates the consequents of the conditional
propositions, the conclusion sublates their antecedents)