WAT

ER B
EART E NEAT
H 'S S H TH
URFA E
CE
REPORTERS:
ENGR. JONATHAN MATON
ENGR. LEAH CAMELLE ESTRELLA
ENGR. MAJESTY LABADISOS
ENGR. RYCHEN CZAR BALISI
THERE ARE THREE STORAGE OF
WATER
• SURFACE - in the form of lakes,
rivers and ocean
• ABOVE SURFACE - in the form
of vapors or clouds
• BELOW SURFACE - in the
aquifers and within soil
 WATER BENEATH THE EARTH'S
SURFACE
• There's water beneath the Earth's surface
because of infiltration.
• This can be divided into two, The SATURATED
ZONE and UNSATURATED ZONE
 SATURATED ZONE
• Water in the saturated zone is
referred to as groundwater and
occurs beneath a water table.
This is also referred to as water in
the phreatic zone.
 UNSATURATED ZONE
• Water in the unsaturated zone is
referred to as soil water and
occurs above a water table. This
is sometimes referred to as water
in the vadose zone.
 Water in the saturated zone Once

• Once water has infiltrated through

the unsaturated zone it reaches
the water table and stays in the
aquifers
 Water in the saturated zone Once

• This water moves slowly and is

not available for evaporation
(except through transpiration from
deep-rooted plants). But not all
groundwaters moves slowly, in
limestone area groundwaters can
move as underground rivers.
 AQUIFERS and AQUITARDS

• An aquifer is a layer of
unconsolidated or consolidated
rock that is able to transmit and
store enough water for extraction
• An aquitard is a geological
formation that transmits water at a
much slower rate than the aquifer.
 AQUIFUGE

• The term aquifuge is sometimes

used to refer to a totally
impermeable rock formation (i.e. it
could never be considered an
aquifer).
 CONFINED and UNCONFINED
AQUIFERS
• Two types of aquifers are
confined and unconfined.
 CONFINED AQUIFERS

• A confined aquifer has a flow

boundary (aquitard or confining
bed) above and below that
constricts the flow of water into a
confined area
 CONFINED AQUIFERS

• Water within a confined aquifer is

normally under pressure and if
intersected by a borehole will rise
up higher than the constricted
boundary. If the water reaches
the earth’s surface it is referred to
as an artesian well.
CONFINED AQUIFERS
 UNCONFINED AQUIFERS

• An unconfined aquifer has no

boundary above it and therefore
the water table is free to rise and
fall dependent on the amount of
water contained in the aquifer
WATER IN UNSATURATED ZONE

• The majority of water in the

unsaturated zone is held in soil
• Infiltration rate is the rate at
which water enters a soil is
dependent on the current water
content of the soil and the ability
of a soil to transmit the water.
 SOIL WATER CONTENT
• Soil water content is normally
expressed as a volumetric soil
moisture content or soil moisture
fraction.
Where:
Vw = is the volume of water in soil
sample
Vt = is the total volume of soil sample
θ is in percentage
 SOIL IN WATER CONTENT

• Soil water content may also be

described by gravimetric soil
moisture content (G). Gravimetric
soil moisture content is the ratio
of the weight of water in a soil to
the overall weight of the soil.
 GRAVIMETRIC SOIL MOISTURE
CONTENT

Where:
= is the gravimetric water content

= is the bulk density of soil

= is the density of water

• Soil bulk density( ) is the ratio of the mass of dry soil to

the total volume of the soil
 SOIL IN WATER CONTENT

• Weight of water is often assumed

to be the same as the volume of
water. The same cannot be said
for soil: the bulk density depends
on the mineralogy and packing of
particles so that the volume does
not equal the weight
 SATURATED WATER CONTENT

• Saturated water content is the

maximum amount of water that
the soil can hold.
• Soil water content as percentage
of saturated is a useful method of
telling how wet the soil actually is.
 POROSITY

• Porosity is another important soil

water property. It is the fraction of
pore space in the total volume of
soil
Where:
= is the volume of pores

= is the density of soil particles

 FIELD CAPACITY

• Field capacity is the

stable point of
saturation after rapid
drainage.
 SOIL MOISTURE DEFICIT
• Soil moisture deficit is the
amount of water required (in mm
depth) to fill the soil up to field
capacity. This is an important
hydrological parameter as it is
often assumed that all rainfall
infiltrates into a soil until the
moisture content reaches field
capacity.
 WILTING POINT

• Wilting point is a term derived

from agriculture and refers to the
soil water content when plants
start to die back (wilt). This is
significant for hydrology as
beyond this point the plants will
no longer transpire.
 ABILITY TO TRANSMIT WATER

• The ability of a soil to

transmit water is dependent
on the pore sizes within it
and most importantly on the
connections between pores.
 PORES

• Pores can be classified according

to size or function (McLaren and
Cameron, 1996). Macropores are
defined as pores greater than 30
μm (microns) in diameter but can
also be defined by their drainage
characteristic
 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY

• Hydraulic conductivity is the

measure of a soil’s ability to
transmit water.
 INFILTRATION RATE
• The rate at which water infiltrates
the soil is not constant. Generally,
water initially infiltrates at a faster
rate and slows down with time.
• When the infiltration rate slows
down to a steady level (where the
curve flattens off in Figure 4.3)
the infiltration capacity has been
reached.
INFILTRATION RATE
 MEASUREMENT OF
INFILTRATION
• Rate of infiltration is essential in
the situations where hydroliogic
problems like runoff estimation,
soil moisture assessment and net
irrigation water occurs. I may be
determined either by plotting
hyetograph or measuring through
infiltrometers.
 FLOODING TYPE
INFILTROMETER
• FLOODING TYPE INFILTROMETER (DOUBLE RING INFILTROMETER)
- A double ring infiltrometer requires two rings:
an inner and outer ring. The purpose is to create
a one-dimensional flow of water from the inner
ring, as the analysis of data is simplified. the
infiltration rate is approximately equal to the
saturated hydraulic conductivity.An inner ring is driven
into the ground, and a second bigger ring around that to help control the
flow of water through the first ring. Water is supplied either with a constant
or falling head condition, and the operator records how much water
infiltrates from the inner ring into the soil over a given time period. The
ASTM standard method specifies inner and outer rings of 30 and 60 cm
diameters, respectively.
 FLOODING TYPE INFILTROMETER
• Also known as Double Ring Infiltrometer
 ARTIFICIAL RAIN SIMULATOR

• A small ground area within 50 ㎡

is selected. The water is allowed
to fall on this area by artificial
shower at uniform rate. The
resulting runoff is measured.
From hydrograph, infiltration may
be obtained.
ARTIFICIAL RAIN SIMULATOR
 LYSIMETER UNDER LABORATORY
SAMPLE
• A catch basin, called Lysimeter,
under a laboratory or at some
depth below the land surface is
placed in order to measure
infiltrating water.
LYSIMETER UNDER LABORATORY
SAMPLE
 OBSERVATION INFILTRATION IN PITS
AND PONDS

• This method gives idea of

infiltration or approximate value. If
the observation of depression of
the water body and evaporation
from it is measured, approximate
infiltration of the soil can be
known.
 HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS

• From measurement of rainfall and

run off from that rain, infiltration
capacity may be determined
through equations.
 HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS
METHODS
DOUBLE RING INFILTROMETER
ARTIFICIAL RAIN SIMULATOR
LYSIMETER
OBSERVATION INFILTRATION IN
PITS AND PONDS
HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS
ADVANTAGE/S
· Ideal for infiltration measurement
of top soil.· simple and easy to
install
· almost accurate.
· The ability to take many
measurements quickly without
having to wait for natural rain.· To
be able to work with constant
controlled rain, thereby eliminating
the erratic and unpredictable
variability of natural rain.
· almost accurate.
· the ability to quantify the
movement of water below the
depth of the lysimeter.
· almost accurate.
· Easy to implement.· Almost
accurate.
· Almost accurate.
DISADVANTAGE/S
· The pounding of the infiltrometer
into the ground deforms the soil,
compressing it or causing cracks
which can affect the measured
infiltration capacity.· effect of slope
of ground is not accounted.
· It is cheap and simple to use a
small simulator which rains onto a
test plot of only a few square
meters, but simulators to cover
field plots of say 100 m² are large,
expensive and cumbersome.·
Simulators are likely to be affected
by wind.
· degradation and movement
cannot be studied in soils greater
than about a meter below the soil
surface.
Human error.
Human error.
 INFILTRATION INDICES

• When infiltration rate is assumed

to be constant, it is called
infiltration index.
 THERE ARE (3) THREE COMMONLY
USED INFILTRATION INDICES
NAMELY:
• Φ (phi) INDEX - The Φ
index is the rate of
rainfall above which the
rainfall volume is equal
to the runoff volume. In
this index, all losses
arising out of
infiltration. This index
can be derived from
the rainfall hyetograph
with the knowledge of
the resulting runoff
volume.
THERE ARE (3) THREE COMMONLY
USED INFILTRATION INDICES
NAMELY:
W INDEX - is the average infiltration rate
when time rainfall intensity exceeds the
filtration capacity rate.
 THERE ARE (3) THREE COMMONLY
USED INFILTRATION INDICES
NAMELY:

- an average infiltration
• favg INDEX
loss is assumed throughout the
storm for the period.
THANK YOU