Telecommunications and Network Resources

Reported by: Group 1 - Chatmates

Baguisi, Zyril
Balbuena, Jade
Sacramento, Jayvee
Tayag, Irish
TELE
‘at a distance’

COMMUNICARE/
COMMUNICATIO ‘to share’

‘TO SHARE AT A DISTANCE’

 Elements of a
Telecommunications System
telecommunications medium
Any material substance that carries an electronic signal and serves as
an interface between a sending device and a receiving device.

telecommunications protocol
A set of rules that governs the exchange of information over a communications
medium.
Forms of Communications

• synchronous communications

• asynchronous communications
Telecommunications channels
• simplex channel

• half-duplex channel

• full-duplex channel
Guided Transmission Media Types
Frequency Ranges Used for
Wireless Communications
NETWORK
What is a computer network?
*** Two or more connected computers
* Major components in simple network
Client computer
Server computer
Network interfaces (NICs)
Connection medium
Network operating system
Hub or switch
* Routers
Device used to route packets of data through different
networks, ensuring that data sent gets to the correct
address
COMPONENTS OF A SIMPLE COMPUTER NETWORK
Components of networks in large companies
• Hundreds of local area networks (LANs) linked to
firm-wide corporate network
• Various powerful servers
• Web site
• Corporate intranet, extranet
• Backend systems
• Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi networks)
• Videoconferencing system
• Telephone network
• Wireless cell phones
CORPORATE NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
 Metcalfe’s law (attributed to Robert Metcalfe – co-
inventor of Ethernet and founder of 3Com).  According
to Metcalfe’s law, the value of a network goes up
proportionally as the square of the number of users. In
other words,
every time you add a new user to a network, the value
of the network, in terms of
potential connections amongst its members, doubles!

Although Metcalfe’s law focuses more on

network value as opposed to actual communications, it
is by many considered one of those famous rules of
thumb in communication theory.  It describes how
communications value and capabilities grow
geometrically as a function of user participation.
Understanding Metcalfe’s Law
The telephone is of very limited use if only you and your
best friend have one.

If a whole town is on the system, it becomes much

more useful. If the whole world is wired, the utility of the
system is phenomenal.

Add the number of wireless telephone connections, and you

have a massive potential for
value.

To reach this value, however, many people had to have

access to a telephone—
and they had to have used it.

In other words, telephone use had to reach a critical mass

of users.
Trends in Telecommunication
Industry trends Toward more competitive vendors, carriers, alliances, and network
services, accelerated by deregulation and the growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web.

Technology trends Toward extensive use of Internet, digital fiber-optic, and

wireless technologies to create high-speed local and global internetworks for voice, data,
images, audio, and videocommunications.

Application trends Toward the pervasive use of the Internet, enterprise

intranets, and interorganizational extranets to support electronic business and commerce,
enterprise collaboration, and strategic advantage in local and global markets.
Trends in Today’s Business World

• Convergence
• Broadband
• Broadband wireless
 Business Value of Telecommunication
Networks
Strategic Capabilities
Overcome geographic
barriers
Overcome time barriers
Overcome cost barriers
Overcome structural barriers
E-Business Examples Business Value
Internet and extranet • Reduce delay in filling orders
• Speed up billings
Online POS networks • Answering inquiries in
seconds
Video conferencing • Reduce expensive business
trips
• Improving decision makings
B2B e-commerce • Fast and convenient lock in
platforms/websites customers and suppliers
 • Internet is a revolutionary phenomenon in computing and
telecommunications, becoming the largest and most
The Internet important network of networks and has evolved into a global
information superhighway.
Revolution • According to J. Clements (Statista), there are 4.48 billion
active internet users or 58% of the global population as of
October 2019.
 Internet Application

Surf E-mail Discuss Publish Buy and Sell Download Compute Connect

The most popular Internet applications are email, instant

messaging, browsing the sites on the World Wide Web, and
participating in news groups and chat rooms.
Business Use of the Internet

Companies utilize Internet

technologies to be able to do
business with their remote
employees, business partners,
suppliers, and customers, as well
as generating revenue and
lowering costs.

(Source: Management Information Systems O’Brien, J.A., Marakas, George M., 10th edition)
Business Value of the Internet

(Source: Management Information Systems O’Brien, J.A., Marakas, George M., 10th edition)

• Generate new revenue from online sales

• Reduce transaction costs through online sales and customer supports
• Attract new customers via Web marketing and advertising and online sales
• Increase the loyalty of existing customers via improved Web customer service and support
• Develop new Web-based markets and distribution channels for existing products
• Develop new information-based products accessible on the Web.
 Role of Intranet

It is a network inside an organization

that uses Internet technologies to
provide an environment within the
enterprise for information-sharing,
communications, collaborations, and
the support of business processes.

Example of an Intranet is Microsoft

Sharepoint Online
(Source: Management Information Systems O’Brien, J.A., Marakas, George M., 10th edition)
Intranet Functions

Communication and
Collaboration
Intranet Functions

Business Operations and

Management
Intranet Functions

Web Publishing
 Role of Extranet

Extranets are network

links that uses Internet
technologies to
interconnect the intranet of
a business with the
intranets of its customers,
suppliers, or other
business partners.
(Source: Management Information Systems O’Brien, J.A., Marakas, George M., 10th edition)
Communication
Networks
Telecommunications Network

• Any arrangement in which a sender transmits a

message to a receiver over a channel consisting of
some type of medium
Types of Telecommunications Networks

● Local Area Network (LAN)

● Campus Area Network (CAN)
● Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
● Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)

• Designed to connect
personal computers and
other digital devices within
half a mile or 500-meter
radius
• Used to link to long-distance
wide area networks and
other networks around the
world using the internet
Campus Area Network (CAN)

• A network of multiple
interconnected local area
networks (LAN) in a
limited geographical
area. A CAN is smaller
than a wide area network
(WAN) or metropolitan
area network (MAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• network that spans a metropolitan area, usually a city and its major suburbs
• similar to a local area network (LAN) but spans an entire city or campus.
● Wide Area Network (WAN)

• network that exists over a

large-scale geographical
area
• ensures that computers
and users in one location
can communicate with
computers and users in
other locations.
 Network in Large Companies

Corporate Network

● large numbers of small local

area networks are
connected into a corporate-
wide networking
infrastructure
 Wireless
Transmission Media Transmission Media and Speed
(Voice and Data) Bandwidth: Transmission Speed,
Fiber Optic Cable measured in bits per second (bps)
One cycle (hertz) – transmission of one or several
bits

Coaxial Cable
600+ Mbps Twisted Pair
500 Kbps Wire (CAT 5)
to 6Tbps 1 Gbps 10 Mbps to
1 Gbps
Digital Analog
SIGNALS

Ways to communicate a
message in a network
Analog vs Digital Signals
Analog vs Digital Signals
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
MEDIA
 WIRED TECHNOLOGIES

Twisted-pair wire Coaxial cable Fiber optics

 TWISTED-PAIR WIRE

• Copper wire twisted into pairs

• Most widely used medium for telecommunication, for both
voice and data transmission
• Used in both LAN and WAN configurations
• Transmission speeds: 2-100 MBPS
 COAXIAL CABLE

•Sturdy copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to

protect it and minimize interference.
•It can be bundled for easy installation, and bundled coaxial
cables can be placed underground or underwater.
•Transmission speed ranges from 200-500 MBPS, and can is
usually used for commercial purposes.
 FIBER OPTIC CABLES

•Cables consisting of one or more hair-thin filaments of glass

fiber wrapped in a protective jacket
•Fiber optic cables have better transmission speeds than
coaxial and twisted-pair cable, easier to install and has a
lower transmission error rate than twisted-pair wires and
coaxial cables.
•It’s the new trend in the internet services worldwide.
THE WIRELESS
REVOLUTION
 GONE ARE THE WIRES!

• Cell phones, smartphones, tablets, and wireless-enabled

personal computers have morphed into portable media and
computing platforms that let you perform many of the
computing tasks used to be done in our desks.
• Connectivity of mobile devices also improved over time.
The connection speeds also made significant leaps, and 5G
is now being pushed as the face of cutting-edge.
 Terrestrial Communications Cellular and PCS
microwave satellites systems
WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGIE
S
Wireless LANs Bluetooth The wireless web
 TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVES

•Earthbound microwave signals that transmit high-speed

ratio signals
•Microwave antennas are usually placed on top of buildings,
towers, hills, and mountain peaks.
 COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES

•Communications satellites are typically launched in outer

space, and are powered by solar panels.
•Serves as relay stations for communication signals and then
beam it back to satellite receivers for processing.
•They can transmit microwave signals at a rate of several
hundred million bits per second, making them useful for
high-speed transmission of large volumes of data.
 CELLULAR & PCS

•This uses multiple radio communications technologies in a

geographical area, or cells,
•Historically, cellular systems have used analog technologies,
but are now making a shift to digital which provides it with
greater capacity and security.
•PCS however, operates on digital technologies and cost
substantially less than cellular systems.
 WIRELESS LAN

•A wireless communication network formed within a limited

(local) area such as a school, an office, or a home.
•WLAN is significantly simpler and less costlier to set up
and maintain than a LAN because it doesn’t need wires.
Because of this, many people are now choosing WLAN.
•One of the most famous WLAN protocols is 802.11, or what
we commonly know as Wi-Fi.
 BLUETOOTH

•Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology that connects

devices that are nearby. It operates at around 1 Mbps with a
range of 10-100 meters, and uses a small chip.
•The technology was initially invented by Ericsson, and later
on by a myriad of other companies.
•Bluetooth is widely adapted today because it’s simpler and it
doesn’t require wires.
 THE WIRELESS WEB

•The mobile phone was just used for calls and texts a couple
of years ago. Today, it’s a device to consume content that
we’d usually view on a television or a computer with a wired
connection. The Internet is just a finger press away.
•It’s not just phones. Medical devices, appliances, cars –
wireless technologies are allowing these objects to be
connected to the Internet and be controlled remotely.
TOPOLOGIES, ARCHITECTURES,
AND PROTOCOLS
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

Ring Star Bus

NETWORK ARCHITECHTURES AND
PROTOCOLS

OSI model TCP/IP Voice over IP (VoIP)

 OSI MODEL

• A model of how messages should be transmitted between

two points in a telecoms network, which aims to ensure
compatibility and interoperability.
• It was developed by major telecoms companies starting in
1983, and has seven layers.
 Physical (transmission of data)

Data link (data synchronization)

Network (correct data routing to

destination)
OSI MODEL Transport (ensures complete transfer)
LAYERS
Session (start and ending of connections)

Presentation (making data presentable)

Application (things like HTTP, POP3,

FTP)
 TCP/IP MODEL

• TCP/IP is the most widely used telecoms protocol, and is

accepted as a network architecture on its own.
• TCP serves as the “postal system” which ensures all mail
are sorted properly, while IP is the “address” which the
information goes to. It was created in 1981
• IPv4 is the most common addressing system. An example
of an IP address is 8.8.8.8 which is Google’s.
 Physical Layer

Network Interface

TCP/IP MODEL Internet Protocol

LAYERS

Host-to-Host Transport Layer

Application or Process Layer

 TCP/IP CLASSES

Class A These kind of networks represent about 50% of the total IPv4 address
space, and are normally owned by internet providers and corporations.
Class A networks range from 0.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0, except both because
both are special-use IP addresses.
Class B These addresses range from 128.0 to 255.254 and are commonly used
by internet providers and corporations, and covers 25% of the available
IP addresses.
Class C Class C addresses range from 192.0.0 to 233.255.255 and represent
12.5 percent of the available IPv4 address space.
Class X The remaining 12.5% of IP addresses are reserved for special purposes.
OSI VERSUS
TCP/IP
 VOIP

• It’s one of new uses for the internet, which allows the user
to make calls over the internet instead of on the phone.
• The most famous example of VOIP software is Skype.
• This allows for cheaper communication for users.
 BANDWIDTH

Narrow-band (speeds from 64 Broadband (speeds from 256 kbps

kbps up to 2 mbps) onwards)
 COMPUTER NETWORKS

Personal Area Network Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network
(one device controller, (small area such as an Network (geographical (larger geographical
33 ft or less) office or a building) areas like a city) areas such as regions)
 DATA PROCESSING

Centralized (one central Decentralized (several devices Distributed (several connected

location) in different locations) devices in different locations)
 FILE SERVER SYSTEMS

Users can share files through a Other users can download

designated server these files
 TELECOMS PROCESSORS

Modems Inter-network Multiplexers

processors
 MODEMS

• Modems convert digital signals to analog signals so that it

can be transmitted over telephone lines (modulator).
• It also converts analog signals back to digital signals when
it arrives at the other end, which allows users to connect to
the Internet (demodulator).
• It is the most common type of a communications processor.
INTER-NETWORK PROCESSORS

• These are special-purpose processors such as switches,

routers, hubs, and gateways, which aid in the
interconnection of telecommunications networks.
 MULTIPLEXERS

• A communications processor that allows a single

communications channel to carry simultaneous data
transmissions from many terminals.
• Multiplexers work to increase the number of transmissions
possible without increasing the number of physical data
channels.
 TELECOMS SOFTWARE

• A vital part of telecom networks that can be found in PCs,

servers, mainframes, and processors like routers.
• Some capabilities of telecoms software for network
management tasks.
• A common example of this is the dial-up window we all
used to connect to the internet.
SECURITY AND ENCRYPTION
DATA SECURITY
 DATA SECURITY

• Unauthorized access to information can compromise

personal and business integrity, which can cause leaks and
embarrassment for both entities. An example is Facebook.
• Individuals and organizations must have a way of keeping
their personal and confidential information secure.
• Data encryption is a widely-used approach to secure info
and communication,
DATA SECURITY
 DATA SECURITY

• Wireless networks need to be

secured against hackers as
well. WEP and WPA are
wireless security approaches.
• However, WPA is preferred
since hackers can get decrypt
WEP encryption keys easily.
DATA SECURITY

• The use of a virtual private

network is now common,
especially for corporate
network connections.
• It provides a shield to business
communications that would
otherwise be snooped around.