CHAPTER 4

4.1
Analysing the
Periodic Table of
Elements
 Periodic Table

• Classifying elements
systematically by placing
elements of similar features in
same group.
• Elements are arranged in
increasing order of proton
numbers.
• This make chemists enable to
study the elements
systematically since elements
placed in same group & have
similar characteristics.
 Contributions Of
Scientist
In The Historical
Development Of The
Periodic Table
Antoine Lavoisier
1743-1794

• First person who classify

elements into groups.

• Classify elements into 4

groups based on similar
chemical properties.

• Unsuccessful because his

table consisted many wrong
information.
 The element are classed into 4 group:
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

O Sulphur Ag CaO
N Phosphorus Arsenic SiO2
H Carbon Ni Al2O3
Light Fluorine Pb BaO
Heat boron Bismut MgO
Co
Sn
Cu
Johann W. Dobereiner
1780-1849

• Introduced the Triad Law.

• Classified elements with

similar properties in the same
group.

• Each group consists only 3

elements, named ‘triad’.

• Failed because limited to some

element only.
 I
Br iodine
Cl bromine
chlorine
Ba
Sr barium
strontium
Ca
calcium
Te
tellurium
Se
selenium
S
sulphur
• In each triad, the relative atomic mass of the middle
elements was approximately the average relative atomic
mass of the other 2 elements.

Triad Cl Br I

Relative 35 80 127
atomic Relative atomic mass for Br
mass
= Cl + I
2
= 35 + 127
2
= 80
John Newlands
1837-1898
• Proposed Octave Law.

• Arranged known elements in

the order of increasing atomic
mass.

• Divided the elements into

groups of 7, he found that
every eighth element had
similar properties to the 1st
element.

• Failed because Law Of Octave

obeyed first 17 elements only.
• He discovered that elements with similar properties
recurred at every eight element
Lothar Meyer
1830-1895

• Plotted graph atomic volume

against atomic mass for all
known elements.

• Realised elements with similar

chemical properties occupied
equivalent position in curve.

• Successful showed that

properties of elements formed
a periodic pattern against their
atomic masses.
• The characteristics: The elements, which are in the
same of relatively position in the peak, are placed in
the same group.

• Eg: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs-

• Group Eg:
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs - group I
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba - group II
F, Cl, Br, I - group VII
 -Alkali metals are at the peak of the curve
-Halogens are just b4 the peaks
-Mg, Ca, Sr come immediately after the peak
Atomic
volume

Atomic
mass
Dmitri Mendeleev
1834-1907
• Arranged elements according to the
increasing order of atomic mass in
horizontal groups called ‘period’.

• Left gaps in periodic table to fill

undiscovered elements.

• He was able to predict the properties of

undiscovered elements.

• The person who are responsible of

building periodic table.
• Periodic Law :
The properties of elements varied periodically.
Elements with similar chemical properties were placed
in vertical rows called ‘group’
Henry J.G. Moseley
1887-1915

• Discovered proton no. of

elements by studying the
frequency of x-rays produced
by each elements.

• Proposed that it was the

proton no. that responsible for
periodic changes of chemical
properties instead of the
atomic mass.
• Arranged elements
according to increasing
proton no. in Periodic
Table.

• Proved that Mendeleev’s

prediction to be correct

• Moseley’s contributions
formed the base for the
Modern Periodic Table
 Instructions

• Sit in your group.

• Each group are given a handout that

contains 5 questions.

• Read the questions carefully.

• Answer the questions by fill in the blanks.

 Fill in the blanks with the correct answer
1. The first scientist to classify the elements.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2. The scientist who arranged the elements by ascending proton numbers.

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.___. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. The scientist who introduced the term “Periods” into the Periodic table.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. The laws proposed by John Newlands in that element with similar

properties reoccurred at every eight element.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. The vertical rows in the Periodic Table into which elements of similar
chemical properties are termed.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Content
Arrangement of elements in the
Periodic Table

•Elements are arranged from

left to right and from top to
bottom.

•Elements are arranged in

increasing order of proton
number.
• Elements with similar chemical
properties are placed in the same
vertical column, called group.

• There are Group 1 – Group 18.

• There also 7 horizontal rows of

elements which is called a period.

• There are Period 1 – Period 7.

ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE

H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds UuuUub Uug
ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds UuuUub Uug
GROUPS IN PERIODIC TABLE
Determined by: Number of valence electrons
Elements with 1 – 2 valence electron,
The group no = No of valence electrons in its atom
Elements with 3 – 8 valence electron,
The group no = No of valence electrons in its atom + 10
Example:
Elements Number of valence Group
electrons
H, Li, Na 1 1
Be, Mg, Ca 2 2
Ba, Al, Ga 3 13
F, Cl, Br 7 17
 GROUPS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
GROUP
1
2 13 14 15 16 17 18
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

noble
alkali alkaline earth halogens
gases
metals metals
Element With Number Of Valence Electrons
Elements Number of Group
valence electrons
H, Li, Na 1
1
Be, Mg, Ca 2 2
B, Al, Ga 3
13

C, Si, Ge 4 14

N, P, As 5 15

O, S, Se 6
16
F, Cl, Br 7 17

Inert gas 8
18
(except He)
PERIODS IN PERIODIC TABLE
Determined by : The number of shells occupied with
electrons in an atom.
Period no = No of shells occupied with electrons
For example:
Electron arrangement of atom Beryllium: 2.2
Number of shells occupied with electrons: 2

Number of shells occupied 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

with electrons

Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 PERIODS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

3
PERIOD

7
 ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
IN GROUPS AND PERIODS

• Sodium, Na 1 valence electron – group 1

– Proton number: 11
– Electron arrangement: 2. 8. 1

3 shells – period 3
• Aluminium, Al
– Proton number: 13
Group 13
– Electron arrangement: 2. 8. 3

Period 3
 CROSSWORD PUZZLE
1
2

3
4
5

1. Group 17 is called _____________.

5. The element we need to breath.
6. An importance element in bones.
4. Group 18 is called ____________.
2. Group 1 is called _____________.
7. The element which has 20 proton is in period _____________
3. Period in the Periodic Table are arranged in ___________ row.
 ANSWER OF CROSSWORD
PUZZLE
H
A L K A L I M E T A L
L
H O R I Z O N T A L
N G
O X Y G E N
B N
L
E F
G O
C A L C I U M
S R
ADVANTAGES OF GROUPING
ELEMENTS
Making it easier for people to
study and understand all the
elements found in this world.

Eg: Li, Na, K, Rb & Cs are in

group 1.
Enable us to identify the
characteristics of the elements
and the usage of the element.

Eg: Group 17
Poisonous
Reactive substance
Handle in fume chamber
Pungent smell
Providing an easier
understanding of the
relationship between various
elements.

Enable people to study the

elements in an orderly and
systematic way.
Able to predict the position of an
elements by looking at its
electron configuration and
valence electrons.

Electron Valence
configuration electrons

period group

Position in Periodic Table

Choose True or False based on the
statements below.
1. Elements in the periodic table are
arranged according to their neutron
number. True / False

2. Elements belonging to the same group

have the same chemical properties. True
/ False

3. The proton number of element X is 20.

Therefore element X is located in Period
3 of Group 2. True / False
4. An atom of element Y has a proton number
of 9. Element Y is located in Period 7 of
Group 2. True / False

5. The arrangement of elements in the Periodic

Table helps us to study the elements in
their physical and chemical properties
systematically. True / False

6. Potassium is an alkaline metal. Its proton

number is 19. Therefore potassium is in
Period 4 of Group 2. True / False
 REVIEW
GROUP
1 18
Proton number
1 X 2
1 H Electron arrangement He
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2

2
11 12 13 14 17 18
PERIOD

3 Na Mg TRANSITION Al Si Cl Ar
2.8.1 2.8.2 ELEMENTS 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.7 2.8.8
19 20
K Ca
4
2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2
5
6
7

alkali alkaline earth noble

halogens
metals metals gases