BASIC ELECTRONICS

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

 ELECTRONICS

- is the field of engineering and applied

science dealing with the design and
application of devices, usually electronic
circuits, the operation of which depends
on the flow of electrons for the generation,
transmission, reception, and storage of
information.
Electronics Circuit
+ + - + +

- is an electronic path that C R

consists of interconnection
- - -
of electronic components.

- a device that contains an

electronic circuit is an
electronic device.
 ER1
V ER2
V

Series Circuit
- is circuit that has only one
path of current to flow. IR1 = IR2
CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES CIRCUIT

> The total resistance is equal to the sum of individual resistance.

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3…………………...
> The total voltage is equal to the sum of individual voltage drop.
Et = E1 + E2 + E3………………….
> The current is the same in all parts of the circuit.
It = I1 = I2 = I3……………………...
> When one of the branch is open, no flow of current in the circuit.
Parallel Circuit
- a circuit that has 2 or more
paths of current of flow.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT

> The total resistance is smaller than the smallest resistance in a circuit
because the circuit has been divided.
Rt = R1 x R2 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
R1 + R2 Rt R1 R2 R3 ……..

> The voltage is the same in all parts of circuit.

Et = E1 = E2 = E3…………………….
> The total current is equal of the sum of individual current.
It = I1 + I2 + I3……………………….
Categories of Electronic Circuit

Active Components
- elements that supply more energy
than they absorb.
( e.g. transistors)

Passive Components
- elements that never supply more
energy than they absorb.
(e.g. resistors, capacitors, inductors
diodes)
RESISTOR
- common electronics components
used to convert electrical energy
into heat. It is used to establish
correct current and voltage
throughout the circuit.

- tends to limit the flow of current.

- measured by Ohms (Ω).

 2
1 0 x10 =1K

Resistor Color Code

1st digit
2nd digit
multiplier
5 band codes 1 2 3 4 5
4 band codes 1 2 3 4
COLOR BAND MULTIFLIER TOLERANCE
Black 0 0 0 1
Brown 1 1 1 10 + - 1%
Red 2 2 2 100 +-2%
Orange 3 3 3 1000
Yellow 4 4 4 10000
Green 5 5 5 100000
Blue 6 6 6 1000000
Violet 7 7 7 10000000
Gray 8 8 8
White 9 9 9
Gold 0.1 + - 5%
Silver 0.01 + - 10%
No Color + - 20%
Example. (4 Band)
Red, Red, Orange, Silver
2 2 1000 + -10% = 22,000 ohms or 22 K ohms + - 10%

Brown, Black, Yellow, Gold

1 0 10,000 + - 5% = 100,000 or 100 K ohms + - 5%

Example. (5 band)
Green, Black, Orange, Red, No color
5 0 3 100 + - 20% = 50,300 ohms or
50.3K ohms + - 20 %
Yellow, Violet, Red, Orange, Gold
4 7 2 1,000 + - 5% = 472,000 ohms or
= 472 K ohms + - 5%
Tolerance
- indicates how close the actual resistance is to
the rated value. It is also the allowable resistance
of a resistor to determine whether the resistor is
good or defective.
Example.
Red, Red, Orange, Silver = 22 K ohms + - 10%
= 22,000 x 0.1
Tolerance = + - 2,200 ohms

Green, Black, Orange, Red, No color

5 0 3 100 + - 20 % = 50.3 K ohms + - 20%
= 50,300 x 0.2
Tolerance = + - 10,060 ohms
Resistors in Series
50 Ω 70 Ω

Given:
R1 = 50 Ω
R2 = 70 Ω
R3 = 150 Ω
R4 = 80 Ω
Rt = ? 150 Ω 80 Ω

Formula: Rt = 350 Ω
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4…..

Solution:
= 50 Ω + 70 Ω + 150 Ω + 80 Ω
Rt = 350 Ω
Resistors in Parallel
9Ω
Given:
R1 = 9 Ω
R2 = 9 Ω 9Ω
R3 = 9 Ω
Rt = ?
9Ω
Formula:
Value
Rt =no. of resistors

Solution:
9Ω
Rt = 3 Ω
=
3
Rt =
3Ω
Given:
10 Ω
C1 = 5 µF
C2 = 3 µF
C3 = 7 µF
5Ω
C4 = 9 µF
Ct = ?
4Ω
Formula:
1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
Ct C1 C2 C3 C4

Solution:
1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
Ct =5 3 7 9
1 =0.2 0.33 0.14 0.11
Ct
Ct = 1
0.78
Ct = 1.28 µF
 CAPACITOR
- a component use to stored electrical energy.

CAPACITANCE - ability of a capacitor to store electrical energy.

FARAD - .unit of capacitance.

MICROFARAD(µF) - a sub-unit of a capacitance that has an

equivalent of 1,000,0009 (one million) in one (1) farad.

NANOFARAD - a sub-unit12of a capacitance that has an equivalent

value of 1 x 10 in one (1) farad.

PICOFARAD - a sub-unit of capacitance that has an equivalent

value of 1 x 10 in one (1) farad.
A ceramic capacitors are coded
with three (3) numerical. First,
two (2) digits represents the
significant digit. Third, represent
the multiplier or number of zeros.

104
0000 = 100,000pF
10
=100nF
= 0.1µF
Capacitance Values EIA CODING

100pf = 0.1nF = 0.0001 µF 101

1000pf = 1nF = 0.001 µF 102

10000pF = 10nF = 0.01 µF 103

100000pF = 100nF = 0.1 µF 104

EIA- Electronics Industrial Association.

Capacitors in Series 5 µF 10 µF

Given:
C1 = 5 µF
C2 = 10 V
Ct = ?

Formula:
Ct = C1 x C2 Ct = 3.33 µF
C1 + C2

Solution:
= 5 x 10
5 + 10
= 50
15
Ct = 3.33 µF
 5 µF 3 µF
Given:
C1 = 5 µF
C2 = 3 µF
C3 = 7 µF
C4 = 9 µF
Ct = ?

Formula: 7 µF 9 µF
1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 …….
=
Ct C1 C2 C3 C4 Ct = 1.28 µF
Solution:
1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
=
Ct 5 3 7 9
1 =0.2 0.33 0.14 0.11
Ct
Ct = 1
0.78
Ct = 1.28 µF
 Capacitors in Parallel

Given:
C1 = 50 µF 50 µF 35 µF 25 µF
C2 = 35 µF
C3 = 25 µF
Ct = ?
Ct = 110 µF
Formula:
Ct = C1 + C2 + C3……….

Solution:
= 50 + 35 + 25
Ct = 110 µF
 A K
DIODES
- this is a semi conductor known
as PN junction. It has 2 terminals
the ANODE and the CATHODE

- the values of the diode start with

IN such as IN4001, IN5401.

- a rectifier converts an AC signal

into a DC signal.
 + + - + +
Rectifiers
C R
- a rectifier converts an AC signal
into a DC signal. - - -
- Capacitors smooth out the output voltage waveform.
V w/o C VS
VDIODE
V w/ C
• .

0 ¼T ½T ¾T T 2T t
•
 TRANSFORMER
- a device made up of 2
coupled inductors which
can step-up or step down
an AC voltage or current.

- transfer electrical power

from one coil to another
by means of an alternating
magnetic field.